E-Book, Englisch, 304 Seiten, Format (B × H): 246 mm x 189 mm
AN INTRODUCTION TO AFM FOR IMPROVED PROCESSES AND PRODUCTS
E-Book, Englisch, 304 Seiten, Format (B × H): 246 mm x 189 mm
ISBN: 978-0-08-094957-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Technology
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
This is the first book to bring together both the basic thory and proven process engineering practice of AFM, and to present them in a way that is accessible and valuable to both practising engineers, those who are improving their AFM skills and knowledge, and to researchers who are developing new products and solutions using AFM.
The book takes a rigorous but practical approach to ensure that it is also directly applicable to practical process engineering problems. Fundamentals of the techniques are concisely described and specific benefits for process engineering clearly defined and illustrated. Coverage of applications of AFM to important areas of process engineering is comprehensive. Each of the chapter authors are recognized authorities on their subject.
* The only book dealing with the theory and practical applications of atomic force microscopy in process engineering
* Strikes the correct balance between developing an understanding of AFM principles and providing best-prectice guidance and experience on using AFM in practice for process and product improvement
* Written by the engineers and scientists who pioneered this field
Zielgruppe
Practising chemical, biochemical and process engineers, research and development engineers and scientists
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
- Naturwissenschaften Physik Elektromagnetismus Mikroskopie, Spektroskopie
- Technische Wissenschaften Technik Allgemein Physik, Chemie für Ingenieure
- Technische Wissenschaften Verfahrenstechnik | Chemieingenieurwesen | Biotechnologie Chemische Verfahrenstechnik
- Technische Wissenschaften Verfahrenstechnik | Chemieingenieurwesen | Biotechnologie Verfahrenstechnik, Chemieingenieurwesen
- Technische Wissenschaften Verfahrenstechnik | Chemieingenieurwesen | Biotechnologie Technologie der Lederbearbeitung und Fellbearbeitung
Weitere Infos & Material
1 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY
W Richard Bowen, Nidal Hilal and Daniel Johnson
2 CHARACTERISATION OF MEMBRANE SURFACES
W Richard Bowen, Nidal Hilal and Teodora Doneva
3 AFM AND DEVELOPMENT OF (BIO)FOULING RESISTANT MEMBRANES
W Richard Bowen, Nidal Hilal, Huabing Yin and Laila Al-Khatib
4 APPLICATION OF ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY TO PARTICLE-PARTICLE INTERACTIONS
Nidal Hilal, Yuncheng Liang and Daniel Johnson
5 QUANTIFICATION OF PARTICLE-BUBBLE INTERACTIONS
Nidal Hilal and Daniel Johnson
6 NANOSCALE ANALYSIS OF PHARMACEUTICALS BY SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY
Clive J Roberts
7 THE APPLICATION OF AFM WITHIN BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING
Chris J Wright
8 THE APPLICATION OF AFM TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCESS PLANT MATERIALS
Chris J Wright
9 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY AND POLYMERS ON SURFACES
Vasileios Koutsos
10 AFM-BASED MICRO/NANO-RHEOMETRY
Matthew S Barrow and P Rhodri Williams
11 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK
W Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal
Preface
W. Richard Bowen and Nidal Hilal Wales and England wrichardbowen@i-newtonwales.org.uk; nidal.hilal@nottingham.ac.uk Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was first described in the scientific literature in 1986. It arose as a development of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). However, whereas STM is only capable of imaging conductive samples in vacuum, AFM has the capability of imaging surfaces at high resolution in both air and liquids. As these correspond to the conditions under which virtually all surfaces exist in the real world, this greatly increased the potentially useful role of scanning probe microscopies. This great potential of AFM led to its very rapid development. By the early 1990s, it was moving outside of specialist physics laboratories and the first commercial instruments were becoming available. At the time, our main process engineering research activities were in the fields of membrane separation processes and colloid processing. Both of these fields involve the manipulation of materials on the micrometre to the nanometre length scales. To image the materials used in such processes, we used scanning electron microscopy, which was expensive, time-consuming, and even more undesirably usually involved complex sample preparation procedures and measurement in vacuum which could result in undesirable experimental artefacts. Our imagination was fired and our research greatly facilitated, following an inspiring lecture given by Jacob Israelachvili at the 7th International Conference on Surface and Colloid Science in Compiègne, France, in July 1991, in which he described some of the very first applications of AFM in colloid science. Our first grant application for AFM equipment was written very shortly afterwards! Since that time there has been an enormous development of the capabilities and applicability of AFM. Physicists have devised a bewildering range of experimental techniques for probing the different properties of surfaces. Scientists, especially those working in the biological sciences, have been able to make remarkable discoveries using AFM that would have been otherwise unobtainable. A huge amount of scientific literature has appeared including a number of introductory and advanced books. However, despite the achievements and great potential for the application of AFM to process engineering, there is no book-length text describing such achievements and applications. Further, the specialist nature of the primary literature and the disciplinary strangeness of the existing book-length texts can appear rather formidable to engineers who might wish to apply AFM in their work. Hence, it is our assessment that the benefit of AFM to the development of process engineering is under-fulfilled. Nevertheless, the significant decrease in cost of commercial AFM equipment, and its increasing ‘user-friendliness’, has made the technique readily accessible to most engineers. We were, therefore, motivated to put together the present text with the specific intention of describing the achievements and possibilities of AFM in a way which is directly relevant to the work of our process engineering colleagues, with the hope that we will inspire them to apply this remarkable technique for the benefit of their own activities. We begin in Chapter 1 by providing an outline of the basic principles of AFM. The chapter introduces the main features of AFM equipment and describes the imaging modes which are most likely to be of benefit in process engineering applications. Such knowledge of the main operating modes should allow the reader to interpret the nature of the many subtle variations described in the primary research literature. We also introduce a remarkable benefit of AFM equipment, because it is a force microscope it can be used to directly measure surface interactions with very high resolution in both force and distance. An especially useful application of this capability is the use of ‘colloid probes’, the nature of which is introduced and the benefits of which become apparent in several of the later chapters. AFM can generate beautiful images of surfaces at subnanometre resolution. However, the detailed interpretation of the features of such images can benefit greatly from an understanding of the fundamental interactions from which they arise. This is the subject of Chapter 2. Depending on the materials being investigated and the experimental conditions, the interactions which give rise to such images, either separately or simultaneously, include van der Waals forces, electrical double layer forces, hydrophobic interactions, solvation forces, steric interactions, hydrodynamic drag forces and adhesion. AFM also has the capability to quantify such interactions, especially using colloid probe techniques. For this reason, mathematical descriptions of such interactions are given in forms which have proved of practical use in process engineering. Once the basics of AFM have been outlined, it is possible to move to a description of specific applications. Process engineering is a diverse and growing field comprising both established processes of great societal significance and new areas of huge promise. We begin in Chapter 3 by describing investigations of an established and important type of phenomenon – the quantification of particle–bubble interactions. Such interactions are of fundamental significance in some of the largest-scale industrial processes, most notably in mineral processing and in wastewater treatment. It is especially the capability of AFM equipment to quantify the interactions between bubbles and micrometre size particles that can lead to the development of processes of increased flotation efficiency and greater specificity of separation. This is a remarkable example of how nanoscale interactions control the efficiency of megascale processes. Membrane separation processes are one of the most significant developments in process engineering in recent times. They now find widespread application in fields as diverse as water treatment, pharmaceutical processing, food processing, biotechnology, sensors and batteries. Membranes are most usually thin polymeric sheets, having pores in the range from the micrometre to subnanometre, that act as advanced filtration materials. Their separation capabilities are due to steric effects and the whole range of interactions that can be probed by AFM. Hence, there is a very close match between the factors that control the effectiveness of a membrane process and the measurement capabilities of AFM. In Chapter 4, we provide a survey of the numerous ways in which AFM can be used to study the factors controlling membrane processes. We consider both advanced imaging and force measurement techniques, and how they may be combined, for example, to provide a ‘visualisation’ of the rejection of a colloid particle by a membrane pore. Chapter 5 is more especially concerned with the use of AFM in the development of new membranes with specifically desirable properties. We focus, in particular, on the development of fouling resistant membranes, i.e. membranes with the minimum of unwanted adhesion of substances from the fluids being processed. In the pharmaceutical industry, there is an increasing drive to develop new ways of drug delivery, both means for the presentation of drugs to the patient and of drug formulations which target specific sites in the body. Both of these goals can benefit from knowledge of structures and interactions at the nanoscale. Thus, pharmaceutical development can benefit from both the imaging and force measurement capabilities of AFM, as described in Chapter 6. The colloid probe, or more precisely drug particle probe, techniques are again very important in this work. However, there is also scope for the use of advanced techniques, such as micro- and nanothermal characterisation using a scanning thermal microscope (SThM), which can provide spatial information at a resolution unavailable to conventional calorimetry. Bioprocessing is acquiring a sophistication that was unimaginable even a few years ago. An important example is given in Chapter 7. Cells sense and respond to their surrounding microenvironment. The chapter reviews the application of micro/nanoengineering and AFM to the investigation of cell response in engineered microenvironments that mimic the natural extracellular matrix. In particular, the chapter reports the use of micro/nanoengineering to make structures that aid the understanding of fundamental cellular interactions, which in turn help further development of new therapeutic methods. Specific attention is given to the combination of AFM with optical microscopy for the simultaneous interrogation of biophysical and biochemical cellular processes and properties, as well as the quantification of cell viscoelasticity. Throughout the process industries, and more generally in manufacturing, the surfaces of materials are modified with coatings to protect them from hostile conditions and to functionalise them for a variety of purposes. In particular, ultrathin coatings play a crucial role in many processes, ranging from protection against chemical corrosion to microfabrication for microelectronics and biomedical devices. Chapter 8 describes the use of AFM for the study of the fine structure and local nanomechanical properties of such advanced polymer monolayers and submonolayers. AFM allows the real-time/real-space monitoring of relevant physicochemical surface processes. As miniaturisation of electronic and medical devices approaches the nanometre scale, AFM is becoming the most important characterisation tool of their nanostructural and nanomechanical...
