Causes and Consequences, Prevention and Intervention
E-Book, Englisch, 232 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-61676-444-9
Verlag: Hogrefe Publishing Göttingen
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)
Professional sexual misconduct (PSM) is a problem that is notoriously difficult to address and that can be a minefield for all concerned – for victims, for the institutions where it takes place –, and also because outstanding and supposedly responsible members of society may be accused of abuse.
Here, Werner Tschan, one of the world’s leading experts in dealing with PSM, outlinesan up-to-date approach to PSM and professional disruptive behaviors. He describes practical ways to prevent PSM, as well as effective treatments for victims and to rehabilitate offenders or those accused. Using examples from real-life cases from around the world, he also discusses how PSM is a societal problem and what we can do to stop it. Recent headline cases involving a variety of organizations – medical, media, church, schools, sport, industry – show that institutions can be ideal environments for PSM, and so great emphasis is placed in this volume on preventive measures that we can and must take at an institutional level.
With clear, jargon-free writing this book is essential reading for all professionals interested in preventing and dealing with PSM, as well as of interest to victims and their families.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften Wirtschaftssektoren & Branchen Gesundheitswirtschaft
- Sozialwissenschaften Soziologie | Soziale Arbeit Soziale Arbeit/Sozialpädagogik Soziale Dienste, Soziale Organisationen
- Sozialwissenschaften Soziologie | Soziale Arbeit Soziale Gruppen/Soziale Themen Kindesmissbrauch, Sexueller Missbrauch, Häusliche Gewalt
- Sozialwissenschaften Pädagogik Schulen, Schulleitung Schulleitung, Schulentwicklung
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften Wirtschaftssektoren & Branchen Sozialwirtschaft
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften Betriebswirtschaft Management Unternehmensführung
- Sozialwissenschaften Soziologie | Soziale Arbeit Soziale Gruppen/Soziale Themen Gewalt und Diskriminierung: Soziale Aspekte
- Sozialwissenschaften Soziologie | Soziale Arbeit Spezielle Soziologie Wirtschaftssoziologie, Arbeitssoziologie, Organisationssoziologie
Weitere Infos & Material
Foreword
Dedication
Preface
Survivor's Voice: A True Story of an Elderly Man
Reaching Out for Help
1 Introduction
1.1. Historical Background; 1.2 Children's Lies – The Backlash
After 1900; 1.3 The End of "Hystories"; 1.4 Developments
in Europe; 1.5 New Penal Codes; 1.6 Public Awareness;
1.7 Awareness Psychology
2 How to Understand Survivors' Reactions
2.1 Attachment Theory; 2.2 Trauma and Its Consequences;
2.3 Delayed Onset of Symptoms; 2.4 Overcoming
Trauma; 2.5 Society's Answer to Trauma
3 What Is PSM and How Does it Happen
3.1 What Is PSM?; 3.2 What Is the Magnitude of PSM?; 3.3
The spectrum of offense; 3.4 Who Becomes a Victim of
PSM?; 3.5 What Are the Consequences of PSM?; 3.6 How
Can PSM Be Discovered?; 3.7 False Accusations of PSM;
3.8 What Helps Victims of PSM?; 3.9 Liability Questions;
3.10 Who Becomes an Offender Professional?; 3.11 Sexuality
and PSM; 3.12 Punishment or Treatment?
4 PSM in Various Disciplines
4.1 Health Care Professionals; 4.2 Psychotherapy and
Counseling; 4.3 Social Work; 4.4 Care Homes; 4.5 Religion;
4.6 Education; 4.7 Sports and Leisure Time Activities; 4.8
Justice System; 4.9 Military
5 The Overlap with Workplace Violence
5.1 The Culture of Organizations as a Management Task;
5.2 Sexual Harassment; 5.3 Bullying; 5.4 Stalking; 5.5
Physical Violence; 5.6 The Decision-Making Process; 5.7
Problem-Solving Attempts; 5.8 Prevention of Workplace
Violence
6 The Impact of PSM on Survivors, Institutions, and
Professionals
6.1 From Victim to Survivor; 6.2 Consequences for
Offender Professionals; 6.3 Consequences for the Institution;
6.4 Consequences for Society
7 Treatment of Survivors
7.1 Realizing; 7.2 Finding Help; 7.3 Processing; 7.4 Integration;
7.5 Overcoming; 7.6 Healing; 7.7 From Victim to
Offender
8 Why Do Professionals Commit Sexual Offenses?
8.1 The First Meeting; 8.2 Treatment Procedure; 8.3 The
Path to PSM; 8.4 Offender Strategies; 8.5 Homework During
the Treatment Program; 8.6 Evaluation and Termination
of Program; 8.7 Prognosis
9 Prevention of PSM in Institutions
9.1 Effective Complaint Mechanisms; 9.2 False Accusations;
9.3 The Decision-Making Process; 9.4 An Integrated
Approach
10 Boundary Training
10.1 A New Paradigm: Rehabilitation After PSM; 10.2 The
24 Modules; 10.3 Who Should Undergo Boundary Training?;
10.4 Boundary Training in Professional Formation
and Further Development; 10.5 We Don't Need to Re-
Invent the Wheel
11 Assessment and Rehabilitation of Affected Professionals
11.1 Assessment; 11.2 Rehabilitation Program; 11.3 Critical
Questions; 11.4 Case Consultation and Supervision;
11.5 Economic Consequences; 11.6 Risk Management
12 Prevention Overview
12.1 Victim Counseling Services and Other Requirements;
12.2 Curricular Integration; 12.3 Paradigm Shift in Justice;
12.4 The Three Pillar Model for Effective Prevention
1 Introduction In order to end darkness you only have to switch
on the light for darkness does not shine.
Confession of a Seeker, Paul Coelho (2001) The aim of this book is to provide essential knowledge on professional sexual misconduct (PSM) and how to stop offender professionals. The term PSM is used for all forms of sexual boundary violation when committed in a professional role. The information provided here will be of great help to professionals, survivors of PSM, and associated survivors. It is also helpful to students from various disciplines in providing a better understanding of the nature of professional boundaries, which define the duties and limits of professionals. The professional is in a fiduciary position towards the client, and the professional-client relationship is characterized by a significant power difference based on the professional’s knowledge and role. The concept of boundary has evolved over the years and it is now founded on both legal requirements and professional standards. Only professionals have a code of conduct (professional guidelines), and, therefore, boundaries constitute a unilateral duty of professionals and remain something which can never be delegated to the client. This is analogous to physicians who must provide sterile conditions when performing operations. The boundary concept, although seemingly clear, leads to ongoing controversies. The author provides evidence-based data on the subject and discusses various ways to support survivors and how to handle accused professionals, thereby providing essential orientation in this complex subject. This book provides answers to questions such as: What are professionals’ boundaries? What constitutes PSM? Why do professionals transgress or violate these boundaries? What are the resulting effects of boundary violations? What do we know about the modus operandi of offender professionals? What helps affected victims to overcome their experience? What should be done with accused professionals? How can offender professionals be stopped? What is of preventive effect, if at all? Offender strategies have to be identified to help us to understand how offenders manipulate their victims, how they overcome victim’s resistance, how they silence their victims, and how they also manipulate investigative staff, judges, and professional colleagues. PSM occurs in many disciplines ranging from within the health care system, to sports, education and religious counseling. Due to the large number of existing opportunities, professional settings must be considered as high risk places for sexual offenses. This is comparable to intrafamilial offenses: There is a structural power difference between clients and professionals that is similar to child sexual offenses. The terms “victim” or “survivor” of PSM are used interchangeably in this book. Both terms address the vulnerability of the person in care, i.e., the position of the client, student, parishioner, or patient towards the professional when it comes to sexual boundary violation. Treating victims of PSM challenges traditional therapeutic approaches. The dialectic behavioral treatment approach helps to overcome these hurdles. Between the declared principles and commitments of institutions and the real handling of PSM cases there is often a double standard between what professionals are supposed to do and what they actually do. This book is not an easy read. The reader is confronted with many atrocities from the everyday reality of survivors. Contrary to survivors the reader is able to put the book aside whenever it gets too much. Despite these difficulties the reader is invited to follow the text in the given order, which is didactically structured. Doing this without prejudgment will help to bring about new understanding. The examples used in the book are taken from the media and from the author’s first-hand experiences. The case examples have been changed in order to protect identities. The book’s aim is to be reader-friendly so that anybody interested in the subject is able to follow. When discussing PSM it is important to realize that there are many myths blurring correct awareness of the subject. One of the first among them: “Oh yeah, we know about all these false allegations,” often said by otherwise well-informed professionals. “Well trained professionals would never do such a thing,” which unfortunately is not the case, as we know from many examples of top-ranking professionals who have been sentenced for having committed PSM. “If she really had resisted, there would be no such thing,” then you should think about drug facilitated sexual assaults, when offender professionals use anesthetics, sedatives, or simply alcohol to knock out victims. “If she hadn’t provoked him, this would never have happened to her,” or “No wonder, when she dresses like that.” Many myths exist which all blame survivors of being either responsible for the offense or having wanted a sexual affair with the professional. The evidence-based facts contradict these myths entirely. You can never be just a little bit of an offender as too a woman cannot be slightly pregnant, as these are not black and white matters. Either someone is or is not – there is nothing in between. “He was only fondling a little bit,” “It was not even penetration,” “It happened just once,” “Well, it was nothing serious, we all knew that he behaved this way all the time,” “She makes a mountain out of a molehill.” The question is always whether this behavior is in accordance with professional standards or not. What makes it even more complicated is the fact that the correct behavior is always context dependent – giving someone a hug may be appropriate under certain conditions, but it may also be completely unprofessional and inappropriate. One should always ask oneself the question: “Is this something one would expect a reasonable professional to do under the given circumstances?” The book intends to provide answers to these questions. The historical background of the subject is set out in the introduction. Evidence-based data on PSM is available right back to the time of the Enlightenment (Clark, 1987; Kerchner, 2000). Some more anecdotal texts go back even further (Deacy & Pierce, 2002), such as when the physician Archibald Cleland was fired from the Bath General Hospital in 1743 after three of his female patients had come forward with accusations of sexual offenses (Fissel, 1993). In 1803, Thomas Percival coined the term “medical ethics” when he published his book on Medical Ethics or a Code of Institutes and Precepts, Adapted to the Professional Conduct of Physicians and Surgeons (Jonsen, 2000). Through this book he opened up the discussion about professional behavior, anticipating what has later become known as disruptive behavior. Also of great importance to this subject are ancient Greek texts, namely the work of Hippocrates, who formulated a code of conduct for physicians. His writings laid down the foundations for the ethical awareness of the importance of the physician-patient relationship, a discussion which was further influenced by the involvement of physicians in the Nazi terror regime (Kater, 1989) and the involvement of physicians in torture and human experiments. How is it possible that physicians who had sworn the Hippocratic Oath could lose their moral compass? This same question can be asked in the case of PSM. Medical ethics has played a central role in the codification of the professional-client relationship, and has widely influenced other disciplines in their attempts at implementing professional codes, as well as in the formulation of laws. However, significant inconsistencies exist, insofar as the majority of criminal codes only regulate health care professionals, whereas other disciplines such as teachers, sport coaches, clerics, and lawyers often lack any regulation of PSM. In Europe, the implementation of effective laws against PSM is around 20–25 years behind that in North America, Australia, and New Zealand Contrary to the situation in these countries, mandatory reporting of PSM is rather an exception to the rule, and legal protection for those who report such incidents is almost nonexistent. The consequences for accused or sentenced professionals are minimal, if at all. The handling of such cases does not follow established protocols, and there are no rehabilitation concepts in effect. The situation in Asia is comparable to that in Europe. On the other hand, North America, Australia, and New Zealand have good standards, and protocols are in place to handle PSM. Within Europe, Germany took the pioneering role when it implemented a new penal code, 174c, in 1998, and in its subsequent revision in 2003. In a worldwide comparison, this is now one of the most advanced criminal articles banning sexual boundary violations in the health care sector (Tschan, 2005). The legal comments on this law clearly stipulate that the responsibility of maintaining healthy boundaries always and exclusively lies with the professional, even if the patient initiates intimate contact (Joecks, Miebach, & von Heintschel-Heinegg, 2005). The Round Table on the prevention of sexualized violence initiated by the German Government after numerous cases of sexualized violence came to light (among them the UNESCO awarded Odenwald School) led to significant consequences: • A 50 million Euro research grant • A 100 million Euro fund for survivor support • Guidelines on the curricular training of health care professionals and teachers ...