Fluid Mechanics of Control Valves

Erscheinungsjahr 2019
ISBN: 978-1-64331-004-6
Verlag: ISA

Buch, Englisch, 148 Seiten, Paperback

Fluid Mechanics of Control Valves is a practical, experience-driven handbook that explains how control valves work and how to select, size and maintain them. This book covers valve types (globe, butterfly, ball and three-way), actuators and positioners, valve-sizing methods for liquids and gases, and how thermodynamic effects, such as choked flow, cavitation and auto-refrigeration, affect performance. It also guides readers on efficiency and power consumption, noise and vibration sources, practical noise-reduction strategies, sanitary valve design for food and biotech, fail-safe actions, inspection and testing, and modern concerns such as cybersecurity and loop stability.

This book also provides clear definitions, examples, tables and real-world advice to make complex fluid and acoustic concepts accessible.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Baumann, Hans

Fachgebiete

• Technische Wissenschaften Technik Allgemein Technische Instrumentierung
• Technische Wissenschaften Maschinenbau | Werkstoffkunde Produktionstechnik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Foreword xi
About the Author xiii
Introduction 1
An Often-Asked Question: What Is a Control Valve? 1
Basic Definitions 3

Chapter 1 Control Valves 5
Valve Types 6
Ball Valves 6
Eccentric Rotary Plug Valves 7
Butterfly Valves 8
Globe Valves 8
Three-Way Valves 11
Actuators 12
Diaphragm Actuators 12
Pneumatic, Diaphragm-Less Piston Actuators 15
Electric Actuators 16
Hydraulic Actuators 16
Accessories 18
Valve Positioners 18

Chapter 2 Efficiency and Power Consumption of Control Valves 23

Chapter 3 Basic Functions of a Control Valve 27
Seat Leakage 31
Stem Packings and Bonnet Gaskets 31
Graphite Packings 33
Dynamic Instability in Control Valves 34
Installation 34

Chapter 4 Thermodynamic Effects 37
Auto-Refrigeration 37
Aerodynamic Throttling 38

Chapter 5 Valve-Sizing 41
In the Beginning. 41
The Easy Way to Size Valves 44
If the Fluid Is a Turbulent Liquid 44
Flashing of Liquids 46
When the Flow Is Gas or Steam 48
Flow in Mass 48
Flow in Volume 49
Terminology Used 50
Other Useful Numbers 51
Other proprietary symbols 51
Rangeability 51
Mixed Fluids 54
Non-Newton Fluids 54
Laminar Flow 54

Chapter 6 Sound Produced by Throttling 61
Basic Acoustic Terms 63
Turbulent Sound 64
Equations to Calculate Turbulent Sound Pressure Level in dBA 66
Sound Produced by Cavitation of Liquids 68
Calculating the Cavitation Sound Level and Therefore the Total Liquid Throttling Sound 71
Establishing the Correct XFz Factor 73
The Story of Globe Valves 75

Chapter 7 Estimating the Sound Pressure Level of Gases 79
Calculation of the Sound Pressure Level for Steel Pipe at 1 m Distance from the Pipe Wall 81
Accounting for Gases Other Than Air 83
A Word of Caution about Valve Sound Prediction 86

Chapter 8 Ways to Reduce Aerodynamic Noise 89
The Classical Way 89
Resistance in Series Devices 92
The Connoisseur's Way: Taking Advantage of the Aerodynamic Properties of Jets 93
Insulation and Silencers 95

Chapter 9 What to Do about Hydro-Noise? 97

Chapter 10 What to Expect of a Good Control Valve 99

Chapter 11 Fail-Safe Action 101

Chapter 12 Valves for Sanitary or Aseptic Service 103

Chapter 13 Inspection and Testing 107
Materials 107
Hydrostatic Testing 108
Seat Leakage Tests 108
Packing Leakage 108
Deadband Test 108

Chapter 14 Cybersecurity 109

Chapter 15 Control Valves as a Source of Loop Instability 111

Appendix A: Reference Tables 115

Index 127

Über Autor(innen)

Dr. Hans D. Baumann, PE, held managerial positions in Germany, France, and the United States, before being promoted to vice president of engineering at Masoneilan and later to senior vice president at Fisher Controls. He worked as a consultant for international clients prior to starting his own valve-manufacturing company, which he subsequently sold to Fisher Controls.
Baumanns many valve designs have won awards in the United States, France, and Japan, as well as a gold medal in Germany. He is credited with over 105 US patents and many foreign patents. Baumann has published 148 articles and has written 7 books on engineering, management, and historical subjects, including Control Valve Primer (now in its fourth edition, including a Japanese translation). In addition, he is the co-author of 8 handbooks on automatic controls and acoustics.
Baumann is an honorary member of the Fluid Controls Institute (FCI) and the Spanish Engineering Society. He is also an ISA Honorary Fellow, a Life Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), and an inductee of the Automation Hall of Fame. ISA selected him as one of 50 outstanding Industrial Innovators.
Besides the above accomplishments, he continues to work as a consultant and to lead R&D projects for select clients.
Hans Baumann was 86 years old when he wrote this book. He can be contacted at [e-mail].