Buch, Englisch, 968 Seiten, Format (B × H): 156 mm x 234 mm
Buch, Englisch, 968 Seiten, Format (B × H): 156 mm x 234 mm
ISBN: 978-1-041-21541-7
Verlag: Taylor & Francis
The subject of Electric Generators (“Synchronous Generators” and” Variable Speed Generators” as in book here) attracted formidable R&D effort, both in Academia and in various industries in the last decade. To the point that “Electric generators design, testing and control” – the subject of present book set, may constitute a new senior or graduate Course in Universities with electric power programs and a practical guide for young professionals in industry. In the last 10 years design and control of electric generators for applications in energy conversion, through transport electrification, e-buildings, industrial processes, auxiliary power sources, inspired a rich body of new knowledge. By now, only the wind energy industry has more than 1000 GW of installed power (in 2025). In view of this progress, we decided (after 10 years) to come with a new (third) edition of this two-set book that:
- Keeps the structure of the second edition to avoid confusion to long-term users.
- Keeps and adds to the style with more numerical work-out examples of practical interest, together with more case studies to inspire the new R&D reader.
- Includes additional (though minor) needed text and number corrections.
- Adds quite a few new paragraphs, in most existing Chapters, especially as case studies of design or control of new (recent) electric generator systems of hot industrial interest.
Zielgruppe
General
Autoren/Hrsg.
Weitere Infos & Material
1 Wound-Rotor Induction Generators: Steady State
1.1 Introduction.1
1.2 Construction Elements.3
1.2.1 Magnetic Cores …………………………………………………………………………………….4
1.2.2 Windings and Their mmfs.5
1.2.3 Slip-Rings and Brushes.8
1.3 Steady-State Equations.9
1.4 Equivalent Circuit.11
1.5 Phasor Diagrams.13
1.6 Operation at the Power Grid.18
1.6.1 Stator Power versus Power Angle.19
1.6.2 Rotor Power versus Power Angle.21
1.6.3 Operation at Zero Slip.21
1.7 Autonomous Operation of WRIG.22
1.8 Operation of WRIG in the Brushless Exciter Mode.26
1.9 Losses and Efficiency of WRIG.31
1.10 Summary. 32
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………….34
2 Wound-Rotor Induction Generators: Transients and Control
2.1 Introduction.37
2.2 WRIG Phase Coordinate Model.37
2.3 Space-Phasor Model of WRIG.40
2.4 Space-Phasor Equivalent Circuits and Diagrams.42
2.5 Approaches to WRIG Transients.46
2.6 Static Power Converters for WRIGs.47
2.6.1 Direct AC–AC Converters.50
2.6.2 DC Voltage Link AC–AC Converters.52
2.7 Vector Control of WRIG at Power Grid.54
2.7.1 Principles of Vector Control of Machine (Rotor)-Side Converter.54
2.7.2 Vector Control of Source-Side Converter.57
2.7.3 Wind Power WRIG Vector Control at the Power Grid.59
2.7.3.1 Wind Turbine Model.59
2.7.3.2 Supply-Side Converter Model.61
2.7.3.3 Generator-Side Converter Model.…………………….62
2.7.3.4 Simulation Results.………………….63
2.7.3.5 Three-Phase Short Circuit on the Power Grid.65
2.7.3.6 Mechanism to Improve Performance during Fault.67
2.8 Direct Power Control (DPC) of WRIG at Power Grid. ….68
2.8.1 Concept of DPC.………………………………………………………………………. …….69
2.9 Independent Vector Control of Positive and Negative Sequence Currents.74
2.10 Motion-Sensorless Control.76
2.11 Vector Control in Stand-Alone Operation.…79
2.12 Self-Starting, Synchronization, and Loading at the Power Grid.….80
2.13 Voltage and Current Low-Frequency Harmonics of WRIG. ….83
2.14 Ride-Through Control of DFIG under Unbalanced Voltage Sags.….86
2.15 Stand-Alone DFIG Control under Unbalanced Nonlinear Loads.……89
2.16 Advanced control of DFIGs: recent progress
2.17 Active and reactive power control in DFIGs
2.18 DFIG control in pump storage plants
2.19 A.C. and D.C. grid forming operation mode: impedance model
2.20 The brushless DFIG and DFRG
2.21 Summary
References ………………………………………………………………………………93
3 Wound-Rotor Induction Generators: Design and Testing
3.1 Introduction.95
3.2 Design Specifications: An Example.96
3.3 Stator Design.96
3.4 Rotor Design.103
3.5 Magnetization Current.106
3.6 Reactances and Resistances.109
3.7 Electrical Losses and Efficiency.113
3.8 Testing of WRIGs.115
3.9 Summary.116
References …………………………………………………………………………………………….117
4 Self-Excited Induction Generators
4.1 Introduction.119
4.2 Cage Rotor Induction Machine Principle. 119
4.3 Self-Excitation: A Qualitative View.122
4.4 Steady-State Performance of Three-Phase SEIGs.123
4.4.1 Second-Order Slip Equation Methods.124
4.4.2 SEIGs with Series Capacitance Compensation.128
4.5 Performance Sensitivity Analysis.128
4.5.1 For Constant Speed.129
4.5.2 For Unregulated Prime Movers.130
4.6 Pole Changing SEIGs for Variable Speed Operation. ….131
4.7 Unbalanced Operation of Three-Phase SEIGs.133
4.8 One Phase Open at Power Grid.136
4.9 Three-Phase SEIG with Single-Phase Output.138
4.10 Two-Phase SEIGs with Single-Phase Output.142
4.11 Three-Phase SEIG Transients.145
4.12 Parallel Connection of SEIGs.148
4.13 Direct Connection to Grid Transients in Cage Rotor Induction Generators.150
4.14 More on Power Grid Disturbance Transients in Cage-Rotor Induction Generators………………151
4.15 Summary.160
References …………………………………………………………………………………………….162
5 Stator-Converter-Controlled Induction Generators (SCIGs)
5.1 Introduction.165
5.2 Grid-Connected SCIGs: The Control System.166
5.2.1 Machine-Side PWM Converter Control.166
5.2.1.1 State Observers for DTFC of SCIGs.167
5.2.1.2 DTFC–SVM Block.173
5.2.2 Grid-Side Converter Control.176
5.3 Grid Connection and Four-Quadrant Operation of SCIGs.176
5.4 Stand-Alone Operation of SCIG.179
5.5 Parallel Operation of SCIGs.180
5.6 Static Capacitor Exciter Stand-Alone IG for Pumping Systems. 181
5.7 Operation of SCIGs with DC Voltage Controlled Output.184
5.8 Stand-Alone SCIG with AC Output and Low Rating PWM Converter.187
5.9 Dual Stator Winding for Grid Applications.187
5.10 Twin Stator Winding SCIG with 50% Rating Inverter and Diode Rectifier.189
5.11 Dual Stator Winding IG with Nested Cage Rotor.190
5.12 10 MW, 10 rpm, 10 Hz directly driven induction generator (CRIG): preliminary design and key FEM validation (a case study)
5.13 Dual, power-6-phase and control -3 phase CRIG with dual-diode-rectified output for small / medium wind power: a case study
5.14 CRIG – based vehicular starter generator systems: a review
5.15 Summary.190
References.……………………………………………………………………………………………. 192
6 Automotive Claw-Pole-Rotor Generator Systems
6.1 Introduction.195
6.2 Construction and Principle.195
6.3 Magnetic Equivalent Circuit (MEC) Modeling.200
6.4 Three-Dimensional Finite Element Method (3D FEM) Modeling. 203
6.5 Losses, Efficiency, and Power Factor.208
6.6 Design Improvement Steps.210
6.6.1 Claw-Pole Geometry.210
6.6.2 Booster Diode Effects. 211
6.6.3 Assisting Permanent Magnets.212
6.6.4 Increasing the Number of Poles.213
6.6.5 Winding Tapping (Reconfiguration).213
6.6.6 Claw-Pole Damper.216
6.6.7 Controlled Rectifier.216
6.7 Lundell Starter/Generator for Hybrid Vehicles.217
6.8 IPM Claw-Pole Alternator System for More Vehicle Braking Energy Recuperation:
A Case Study …………………………………………………………………………………………….225
6.8.1 3D Nonlinear Magnetic Circuit Model. 225
6.8.1.1 Design Calibration. 226
6.8.2 Optimal Design: Method, Code, and Sample Results with Prototype
Test Results …………………………………………………………………………………………. …227
6.8.3 3D-FEM Analysis. ………….229
6.8.4 Vehicle Braking Energy Recuperation Scheme and its Control. 232
6.8.4.1 Dynamic Model of the Proposed System. ……………………….233
6.8.4.2 42 Vdc Storage Battery Model. …………………….236
6.8.4.3 Control Strategy. ……………………237
6.8.4.4 Simulation Results. ……………………238
6.8.5 Extension of IPM Alternator utilization up to 100 kW Systems.241
6.9 Summary.241
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………….243
7 Induction Starter/Alternators (ISAs) for Electric Hybrid Vehicles (EHVs)
7.1 EHV Configuration. ….245
7.2 Essential Specifications. ….248
7.2.1 Peak Torque (Motoring) and Power (Generating). ………………248
7.2.2 Battery Parameters and Characteristics. …………….250
7.3 Topology Aspects of Induction Starter/Alternator (ISA). ………253
7.4 ISA Space-Phasor Model and Characteristics. …….255
7.5 Vector Control of ISA. ….263
7.6 DTFC of ISA.264
7.7 ISA Design Issues for Variable Speed.266
7.7.1 Power and Voltage Derating.266
7.7.2 Increasing Efficiency.…………267
7.7.3 Increasing the Breakdown Torque.268
7.7.4 Additional Measures for Wide Constant Power Range.…………….269
7.7.4.1 Winding Reconfiguration.……………….270
7.8 Summary.273
References …………………………………………………………………………………………….276
8 Permanent-Magnet-Assisted Reluctance Synchronous Starter/
Alternators for Electric Hybrid Vehicles
8.1 Introduction.279
8.2 Topologies of PM-RSM.280
8.3 Finite Element Analysis.283
8.3.1 Flux Distribution.283
8.3.2 d–q Inductances …………………………………………………………………………….……284
8.3.3 Cogging Torque ………………………………………………………………………………….288
8.3.4 Core Losses Computation by FEM.289
8.4 d–q Model of PM-RSM.291
8.5 Steady-State Operation at No Load and Symmetric Short Circuit.………297
8.5.1 Generator No-Load.297
8.5.2 Symmetrical Short Circuit.297
8.6 Design Aspects for Wide Speed Range Constant Power Operation.299
8.7 Power Electronics for PM-RSM for Automotive Applications.305
8.8 Control of PM-RSM for EHV.307
8.9 State Observers without Signal Injection for Motion Sensorless Control.310
8.10 Signal Injection Rotor Position Observers.312
8.11 Initial and Low Speed Rotor Position Tracking.313
8.12 50/100 kW, 1350–7000 rpm (600 N m Peak Torque, 40 kg) PM-Assisted Reluctance
Synchronous Motor/Generator for HEV: A Case Study ……………………………………………….317
8.12.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………….317
8.12.2 General Design Summary and Results.318
8.12.2.1 Stator Core Geometry.318
8.12.2.2 Number of Turns Per Coil nc.319
8.12.2.3 The Stator Leakage Inductance Ls1 and Ldm/Lqm Requirements.319
8.12.2.4 Rotor Lamination Design.320
8.12.2.5 Peak Torque Production.320
8.12.2.6 Slot Area/Peak Current Density/Stator Resistance Rs.321
8.12.2.7 Weights of Active Materials.321
8.12.2.8 Performance at 100 kW and 7000 rpm.322
8.12.2.9 Performance at 50 kW, 7000 rpm, and 1350 rpm.323
8.12.2.10 Equivalent Circuit.323
8.12.3 Optimal Design Methodology and Results.324
8.12.3.1 IPMSM: Analytical Model.324
8.12.3.2 Optimal Design of IPMSM.324
8.12.4 FEM Validation without and with Rotor Segmentation.327
8.12.5 Dynamic Model and Vector Control Performance Validation.…………….330
8.13 PM-assisted reluctance starter – generator system for vehicular applications by case studies
8.14 40-60 kW (600-2400 rpm) d.c. output RSG for small maritime ships
8.15 Summary.333
References …………………………………………………………………………………….335
9 Switched Reluctance Generators and Their Control
9.1 Introduction.339
9.2 Practical Topologies and Principles of Operation.339
9.2.1 kW/Peak kVA Ratio.344
9.3 SRG(M) Modeling.346
9.4 Flux/Current/Position Curves.348
9.5 Design Issues.349
9.5.1 Motor and Generator Specifications.….………….350
9.5.2 Number of Phases, Stator and Rotor Poles: m, Ns, Nr.351
9.5.3 Stator Bore Diameter Dis and Stack Length.351
9.5.4 Number of Turns per Coil Wc for Motoring.353
9.5.5 Current Waveforms for Generator Mode.353
9.6 PWM Converters for SRGs.356
9.7 Control of SRG(M)s.358
9.7.1 Feed-Forward Torque Control of SRG(M) with Position Feedback.359
9.8 Direct Torque Control of SRG(M).364
9.9 Rotor Position and Speed Observers for Motion-Sensorless Control.366
9.9.1 Signal Injection for Standstill Position Estimation.366
9.10 Output Voltage Control in SRG.369
9.11 Double Stator SRG with Segmented Rotor.370
9.12 D.C. stator excited switched reluctance starter/generator system: a case study
9.13 Dynamic performance improvement by active a.c. - d.c. reversible converter of the d.c. stator excited SRM/G: a case study
9.14 Summary.371
References ………………………………………………………………………………. ………………374
10 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Systems
10.1 Introduction.377
10.2 Practical Configurations and Their Characterization.378
10.2.1 Distributed versus Concentrated Windings.383
10.3 Air Gap Field Distribution, emf, and Torque.386
10.4 Stator Core Loss Modeling.394
10.4.1 FEM-Derived Core Loss Formulas.394
10.4.2 Simplified Analytical Core Loss Formulas.398
10.5 Circuit Model.401
10.5.1 Phase Coordinate Model.401
10.5.2 d–q Model of PMSG.402
10.6 Circuit Model of PMSG with Shunt Capacitors and AC Load.408
10.7 Circuit Model of PMSG with Diode Rectifier Load.410
10.8 Utilization of Third Harmonic for PMSG with Diode Rectifiers.411
10.9 Autonomous PMSGs with Controlled Constant Speed and AC Load.415
10.10 Grid-Connected Variable-Speed PMSG System.418
10.10.1 Diode Rectifier and Boost DC–DC Converter Case.420
10.11 PM Genset with Multiple Outputs.422
10.12 Super-High-Speed PM Generators: Design Issues.426
10.12.1 Rotor Sizing ……………………………………………………………………………………….426
10.12.2 Stator Sizing ……………………………………………………………………………………….429
10.12.3 Losses …………………………………………………………………………………………….431
10.13 Super-High-Speed PM Generators: Power Electronics Control Issues.432
10.14 Design of a 42 Vdc Battery-Controlled-Output PMSG System.434
10.14.1 Design Initial Data.435
10.14.2 Minimum Speed: nmin. ………….435
10.14.3 Number of Poles: 2p1. ………….437
10.14.4 Rotor Configuration. ………….437
10.14.5 Stator Winding Type.438
10.14.6 Winding Tapping.439
10.14.7 PMSG
