Linking Ecology, Economics, and Culture
Buch, Englisch, 440 Seiten, Format (B × H): 178 mm x 254 mm, Gewicht: 692 g
ISBN: 978-0-691-04980-9
Verlag: Princeton University Press
Nearly 90 percent of the earth's land surface is directly affected by human infrastructure and activities, yet less than 5 percent is legally "protected" for biodiversity conservation--and even most large protected areas have people living inside their boundaries. In all but a small fraction of the earth's land area, then, conservation and people must coexist. Conservation is a resource for all those who aim to reconcile biodiversity with human livelihoods. It traces the historical roots of modern conservation thought and practice, and explores current perspectives from evolutionary and community ecology, conservation biology, anthropology, political ecology, economics, and policy. The authors examine a suite of conservation strategies and perspectives from around the world, highlighting the most innovative and promising avenues for future efforts. Exploring, highlighting, and bridging gaps between the social and natural sciences as applied in the practice of conservation, this book provides a broad, practically oriented view. It is essential reading for anyone involved in the conservation process--from academic conservation biology to the management of protected areas, rural livelihood development to poverty alleviation, and from community-based natural resource management to national and global policymaking.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
- Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Umweltmanagement, Umweltökonomie
- Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Biodiversität
- Naturwissenschaften Biowissenschaften Biowissenschaften Ökologie
- Naturwissenschaften Biowissenschaften Biowissenschaften Naturschutzbiologie, Biodiversität
- Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Umweltschutz, Umwelterhaltung
- Geowissenschaften Geologie Umweltgeologie, Geoökologie
- Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften
- Wirtschaftswissenschaften Volkswirtschaftslehre Umweltökonomie
Weitere Infos & Material
Preface xiii
Commonly Used Abbreviations xix
CHAPTER 1: The Many Roads to Conservation
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Principal Threats to Biodiversity 2
1.3 Why Conserve Nature? Instrumental Values 3
Box 1.1 The Links between Health and Conservation 9
Box 1.2 Much More Than Stocks of Wood 10
1.4 Intrinsic Values 11
Box 1.3 Ecophilosophies 12
1.5 The Changing Practice of Conservation: First, Protection 15
Box 1.4 Man versus Nature: From Hunters to Penitent Butchers 17
1.6 Then Resource Management 16
1.7 Leading to Game Management, Multiple Use, and Broader
Conservation Goals 20
Box 1.5 Early Environmentalists in the Colonies 23
1.8 Conclusion 22
CHAPTER 2: The Evolution of Policy 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Global Conservation and Protected Areas 28
Box 2.1 Ancient Royal Forests 29
2.3 The Limits and Legacies of Protectionism 31
Box 2.2 Reserves: Their Comings and Goings in Peninsular Malaysia 35
Box 2.3 Coercive Conservation: Tigers, Lions, Carrots, and Sticks 38
2.4 Conservation "with a Human Face" 37
Box 2.4 The Evolution of Biosphere Reserves 40
Box 2.5 Sustainability--Mere Hopes about the Future 42
Box 2.6 The Ivory Wars: Debates over Utilization 43
2.5 The Rise of Community-Based Conservation 44
Box 2.7 Integrated Conservation and Development in Action: Annapurna 48
2.6 Imperiled Parks 49
2.7 Conclusion 50
CHAPTER 3: The Natural Science behind it All 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 From Natural History Comes Ecology and its Golden Age 54
Box 3.1 Stability and Equilibrium 57
Box 3.2 Maximum Sustainable Yield 59
3.3 Things Get Messy: Disturbance and Disequilibrium 60
Box 3.3 Stability, Pastoralism, and Opportunism 63
Box 3.4 Adaptive Management 64
Box 3.5 Ecological Sustainability: Still a Slippery Term 66
3.4 A Brave New Science: Conservation Biology 67
3.5 The Fire-Brigade Discipline Comes of Age 70
3.6 Conservation Planning 75
Box 3.6 Prioritizing Conservation Efforts 76
3.7 Conclusion 79
CHAPTER 4: Indigenous Peoples as Conservationists 81
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Cultural and Biological Diversity 81
Box 4.1 Cultural and Biological Diversity in Central and Southern America 83
4.3 Guardians of Biodiversity 82
Box 4.2 Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Adaptive Management 86
Box 4.3 Sacred Groves 88
4.4 Ecological Impacts of Traditional Ways of Life 89
Box 4.4 Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Extinctions 90
4.5 The Long Shadow of an Ecologically Noble Savage 96
Box 4.5 Transitions in Ecological Noble Savage Thinking 98
Box 4.6 The Kayapo Controversy 100
4.6 Revisiting Cultural and Biological Diversity 101
4.7 Conclusion 103
CHAPTER 5: Conservation and Self-Interest 104
5.1 Introduction 104
5.2 An Evolutionary Viewpoint 105
5.3 Design of a Conservation Act 107
Box 5.1 Prudent Predators? 108
5.4 An Intention to Conserve 110
Box 5.2 Family Hunting Territories in Subarctic Canada 112
5.5 Ecological Outcomes 111
Box 5.3 Humans as Top Predators 115
5.6 Conservation--Where, When, and Why? 114
Box 5.4 Selling the Forest for Instant Returns 117
5.7 Expanding the Toolkit 118
Box 5.5 Studying Hunting with Hunters in Paraguay?s Mbaracayu' Reserve 121
5.8 Policy Implications 120
Box 5.6 Evolutionary Aesthetics and the "Savanna Hypothesis" 126
5.9 Conclusion 125
CHAPTER 6: Rational Fools and the Commons 129
6.1 Introduction 129
6.2 The Rational Fool Fumbles the Common Good 130
Box 6.1 Freedom in the Commons Brings Ruin to All 132
6.3 Commons Classics 133
Box 6.2 Changes in the Management of the Kenya Orma Commons 137
6.4 The Cooperation Game 136
Box 6.3 Experimental Games in Economics 139
Box 6.4 Asymmetries among Herders: The Barabaig Case 142
6.5 Culture, Norms, and Cooperation 143
Box 6.5 Coordinating the Subaks of Bali 145
6.6 The Study of Common-Property Institutions 146
6.7 Property Rights, Management, and Sustainable Outcomes 149
Box 6.6 Reviving Traditions in Sagarmatha National Park 151
Box 6.7 Social Forestry: Bihar and Beyond 154
6.8 Conclusion 155
CHAPTER 7: The Bigger Picture 156
7.1 Introduction 156
7.2 What is Political Ecology? 157
Box 7.1 The Hen Has Starting Crowing 161
7.3 Tropical Forest Destruction and Population Growth 160
Box 7.2 IPAT 163
Box 7.3 Leviathan Rules 167
7.4 Biodiversity and its Human Dimensions 166
Box 7.4 Forest Islands in Guinea: Are They Man-Made? 169
Box 7.5 Social Ecology 171
7.5 Community as a Casualty 172
Box 7.6 Co-Management in a Landscape of Resistance: The Case of Alaska?s Yup?ik 177
7.6 Where?s the Ecology? 176
7.7 Conclusion 179
CHAPTER 8: Local People and International Conservation 181
8.1 Introduction 181
8.2 Indigenous Movements and Conservationists 181
Box 8.1 Chipko: Grassroots Environmentalism with a Sting in its Tail 183
8.3 Room for Alliance, or Cover for Dalliance? 185
Box 8.2 Environmentalists Find Common Cause with Rainforest Dayak Peoples 187
Box 8.3 Enforced Primitivism and the "Bushman Problem" 191
Box 8.4 "Forget about Gola Forest!" 193
8.4 Bioprospecting or Biopiracy? 194
Box 8.5 Drug Development and Conservation in West and Central Africa 199
8.5 Green Consumerism 200
8.6 Conservation through Self-Determination 203
Box 8.6 Whatever Happened to PEMASKY? 206
8.7 The View from the Other Side 207
8.8 Conclusion 209
CHAPTER 9: Global Issues, Economics, and Policy 210
9.1 Introduction 210
9.2 Ecological Economics and Environmental Valuation 211
Box 9.1 Does Kenya Profit from Protectionism? Ecological Economic Calculations 216
9.3 Business--Dancing with the Devil? 218
Box 9.2 Harnessing the International Market: Innovative Incentive Mechanisms 220
Box 9.3 The Business of Game Ranching 223
9.4 Buying a Nature Reserve 224
9.5 International Policy Initiatives: Who Pays? 227
Box 9.4 Debt-for-Nature Swaps 231
9.6 What Are the Rules? 233
9.7 Conclusion 237
CHAPTER 10: From How to Think to How to Act 238
10.1 Introduction 238
10.2 Protectionism in the Name of Science 238
10.3 Protected Area Outreach 241
Box 10.1 Outreach in Tanzania 243
10.4 Conservation Education 244
Box 10.2 The Saint Lucia Parrot?s Comeback 245
10.5 Ecotourism 248
Box 10.3 Trouble in Paradise? The Gala'pagos Archipelago 250
10.6 Integrated Conservation and Development 254
Box 10.4 "A Lemur Will Have to Meet You at the Airport": The ICD Project at Ranomafana 256
Box 10.5 CAMPFIRE under Fire 261
10.7 Extractive Reserves 262
Box 10.6 Extraction and the Maya Biosphere Reserve 264
10.8 Monitoring and Evaluation 267
10.9 Conclusion 272
CHAPTER 11: Red Flags: Still Seeing Things in Black and White? 274
11.1 Introduction 274
11.2 No Development without Tears, and Other Debates 274
Box 11.1 Working for Water in South Africa 276
11.3 Integrative and Novel Solutions 279
Community-Based Protected Areas 279
Box 11.2 Flagging the Va'rzea in Brazil?s Mamiraua' Reserve 281
Dealing with Commerce 282
Box 11.3 Even in the Last Place on Earth: Exploitation and Conservation in Nouabal? Ndoki 284
Direct Payments 284
Co-management 287
Box 11.4 Co-management in Australia?s Kakadu National Park 289
Box 11.5 Fisheries Co-management in the Philippines: The Case of San Salvador 292
Participation and Capacity-Building 291
11.4 Spatial Scale and Integrating Conservation and Development 295
11.5 Means and Ends: The Many Orthogonal Axes of Conservation in Practice 297
11.6 Conclusion 302
Bibliography 303
Index 341
