Buch, Englisch, 256 Seiten
Solutions to Spatial and Temporal Scale Problems
Buch, Englisch, 256 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-78945-250-1
Verlag: ISTE Ltd
The modeling of human mobility began nearly two centuries ago and has developed considerably since then, seeking to address the spatial and temporal challenges it encounters. This book reviews these advances by tracing, over time, the paradigms developed by demography: cross-sectional, longitudinal, biographical and multilevel. Geography also plays a prominent role, raising spatial questions that help advance this modeling. Finally, other human sciences are brought into this examination, including economics, history, classical and quantum physics, mathematical modeling, population genetics, artificial intelligence and philosophy.
Bringing together such different epistemological perspectives has opened up and broadened the field, enabling a better understanding of human mobility. However, despite these advances, mobility continues to retain a considerable degree of unpredictability.
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Weitere Infos & Material
List of Figures ix
Acknowledgments xiii
General Introduction xv
Chapter 1. Spatial- and Temporal-scale Problems 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Space 2
1.2.1. Physical space 2
1.2.2. Territorial and social space 3
1.3. Time 9
1.3.1. Cross-sectional analysis 9
1.3.2. Analysis over time 12
1.4. Conclusion 17
1.5. References 19
Chapter 2. The Cross-sectional Analysis 23
2.1. Introduction 23
2.2. Various models of spatial interaction 26
2.2.1. Gravity modeling 26
2.3. Modeling the age effect 47
2.3.1. Age effect measured during a census 47
2.4. Modeling the effect of social and economic characteristics 49
2.4.1. A single observed characteristic 49
2.4.2. Several characteristics observed 52
2.4.3. Ecological fallacy 53
2.5. Conclusion: paradigm supporting this approach 54
2.6. References 56
Chapter 3. Linking Mobility Measures Over Time 61
3.1. Variety in mobility measures 61
3.2. Temporal models linking these mobilities 62
3.2.1. Notations used 62
3.2.2. Modeling the various measurements 65
3.3. Conclusion: paradigm supporting this approach 77
3.4. References 78
Chapter 4. The Event-history Point of View 81
4.1. The need to go beyond the generational approach 81
4.2. How event-history analysis became established 82
4.2.1. A long statistical prelude 82
4.2.2. New surveys needed and problems raised 87
4.3. The explanatory force of such a model 92
4.4. A new paradigm 97
4.4.1. Various types of local dependences 98
4.4.2. Analysis of competitive risks 100
4.5. Conclusion 101
4.5.1. Resistance of certain demographers to event-history analysis 102
4.5.2. Cross-sectional analysis as opposed to individual analysis 103
4.5.3. A new type of error 105
4.6. References 105
Chapter 5. Contextual Modeling, then Multilevel Modeling 109
5.1. Introducing contextuality to move to a multilevel approach 109
5.2. Contextual analysis 110
5.2.1. Sociological origins 110
5.2.2. Contextual analysis of Norwegian migrations 111
5.2.3. Problems posed by contextual analysis 112
5.2.4. Toward a multilevel model. 115
5.3. Definition of collectives 117
5.3.1. Various types of collectives 117
5.3.2. Various types of nesting 119
5.4. Multilevel event-history analysis of mobility 120
5.4.1. Existing data, and data to be put in place 121
5.4.2. How to conduct a multilevel event-history analysis 122
5.4.3. Application for moving out from the parental home in France 123
5.5. Conclusion 129
5.5.1. Toward a synthetic paradigm 129
5.5.2. Social-network analysis 130
5.5.3. The two fallacies overcome 131
5.6. References 132
Chapter 6. Theoretical Models of Mobility 135
6.1. From empirical models to theoretical models 135
6.2. Agent-based models 136
6.2.1. Dynamic models of segregation 136
6.2.2. Generalization to systemic models 140
6.3. Models derived from quantum theory 145
6.3.1. What is quantum theory? 145
6.3.2. Social sciences and anthropology 147
6.4. Toward Bayesian models for the study of mobility 153
6.5. Constructivism for mobility. 156
6.6. References 157
Chapter 7. Spatial Dimension of Human Mobility 163
7.1. Migrations and territorial division 163
7.2. What measure of internal migrations is independent of division of territory? 163
7.2.1. Changes of residence 163
7.2.2. Relationship between number of meshes and measured migrations 164
7.3. Improvement of this adjustment proposed by the IMAGE project 173
7.3.1. An original method of spatial aggregation 174
7.3.2. Results for one year of migration 175
7.3.3. Generalization to the case where we do not have access to CMI(H) 183
7.4. Conclusions 185
7.5. References 186
General Conclusion 189
C.1. Empirical modeling and theoretical modeling 190
C.2. Internal mobilities and international migrations 193
C.3. Models and theories 196
C.4. Artificial intelligence and mobility 198
C.5. Model derived from deductive-nomological theory or constructivist theory? 205
C.6. References 208
Index 215
