Aeronomy of Mars

1. Auflage 2023
ISBN: 978-981-99-3137-8
Verlag: Springer

Buch, Englisch, 248 Seiten, Format (B × H): 160 mm x 241 mm, Gewicht: 576 g

Reihe: Astrophysics and Space Science Library

“Mangalyaan was launched on November 5, 2013, to Mars by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). On October 2, 2022, ISRO declared that Mangalyaan had lost communications with Earth. Mars Color Camera (MCC) on-board Mangalyaan has taken thousands pictures of Mars. A full disk of Mars image observed by Viking is shown on the cover page of this book. Mars is covered by the dust as observed by Mangalyaan (from Arya et al., 2015).  This book presents the atmospheric and ionospheric results obtained from all missions to Mars. It also covers various atmospheric and ionospheric models of Mars. Broadly speaking, the planet’s atmosphere can be divided into two regions: lower and upper. These two regions can be coupled due to the propagation of energy from the lower to the upper atmosphere. The first-ever book on the aeronomy of Mars, this work is intended to help students and researchers familiarize themselves with the field of aeronomy. In addition, it helps planetary probe designers, engineers, and other users in the scientific community, e.g., planetary geologists and geophysicists”.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Haider, S. A.

Fachgebiete

• Naturwissenschaften Physik Thermodynamik Plasmaphysik
• Naturwissenschaften Astronomie Sonnensystem: Sonne und Planeten
• Naturwissenschaften Physik Physik Allgemein Theoretische Physik, Mathematische Physik, Computerphysik
• Naturwissenschaften Astronomie Astrophysik
• Naturwissenschaften Astronomie Astronomische Beobachtung: Observatorien, Instrumente, Methoden
• Geowissenschaften Geologie Meteorologie, Klimatologie
• Naturwissenschaften Physik Angewandte Physik Astrophysik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1. Introduction

2. Foundation of Ionospheric Theory
2.1 Continuity equation
2.2 Momentum equation
2.3 Boundary conditions
2.4 Ambipolar diffusion equation
2.5 Eddy diffusion equation
2.6 Energy balance equation

3. Instruments for Ionospheric Measurements on Mars
3.1 Radio Occultation
3.2 Neutral and Ion Mass Spectrometer
3.3 Retarding Potential Analyzer
3.4 Langmuir Probe
3.5 Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding

4. Exploration to Mars Atmosphere
4.1 Mariner 6, 7 and 9
4.2 Mars 2, 3 and 4
4.3 Viking 1 and 2
4.4 Mars Global Surveyor
4.5 Mars Express
4.6 Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution
4.7 Mangalyaan

5. Thermal Structure of Mars Atmosphere
5.1 Troposphere
5.2 Stratosphere
5.3 Mesosphere
5.4 Thermosphere
5.5 Exosphere

6. Magnetic Field of Mars
6.1 Earlier measurements: Mariner 4 and Mars 2, 3, 5, 6 & 7
6.2 Latest measurements: MGS
6.3 Induced magnetic field
6.4 Crustal magnetic field
6.5 Mini-magnetosphere
6.6 Global modeling of Mars magnetic field

7. Upper Atmosphere of Mars
7.1 Atmospheric measurements
7.2 Neutral composition and scale height
7.3 Atmospheric waves and dynamics
7.4 Hydrostatic equilibrium on Mars
7.5 Atmospheric models

8. Atmospheric Escape from Mars
8.1 Earlier measurements: PHOBOS-2
8.2 Latest measurements: MEX
8.3 Jeans escape mechanism
8.4 Thermal and Non-thermal escape processes
8.5 Modeling of escape flux and density

9. Upper Ionosphere of Mars
9.1 Photochemical equilibrium region
9.2 Diffusive equilibrium region
9.3 Plasma transport processes
9.4 Early measurements: Mariner 6, 7 & 9; Mars 2, 3, 4 & 6; Viking 1& 2
9.5 Latest measurements: MGS, MEX and MARSIS
9.6 Solar zenith angle dependence of Mars ionosphere
9.7 Generalized Chapman Function
 10. Heating of the Upper Ionosphere of Mars
10.1 Plasma temperature measurements
10.2 Heating and cooling processes
10.3 Temperature variability
10.4 Solar wind heating on the upper ionosphere
10.5 Modeling of plasma temperature

11. Models of the Martian ionosphere
11.1 Boltzmann transport model
11.2 Macroscopic description of plasma
11.3 MHD and Hybrid models
11.4 Monte Carlo method
11.5 Two stream method
11.6 AYS approach
11.7 Energy loss method
11.8 Kinetic transport model

12. Solar Flux for Ionospheric Modeling of Mars
12.1 EUV flux measurements: SOHO
12.2 X-ray flux measurements: GOES
12.3 EUV and X-ray flux measurements: SORCE
12.4 EUV and X-ray model flux: SOLAR 2000
12.5 Solar cycle variations for various Mars missions

13. Cross Sections for Ionospheric Modeling of Mars
13.1 Photo impact measured cross sections of CO2, N2, O2, O & CO
13.2 Electron impact measured cross sections of CO2, N2, O2, O & CO
13.3 Empirical modeling of electron impact excitation cross sections
13.4 Empirical modeling of electron impact ionization cross sections

14. Ionization Sources of Upper Ionosphere of Mars
14.1 Ionization by solar EUV: F region ionosphere
14.2 Ionization by X-rays: E region ionosphere
14.3 Solar wind impact ionization
14.4 Dynamics of the upper ionosphere
14.5 Chemistry of the upper ionosphere
14.6 Ionospheric modeling during quiet condition

15. Mars Upper Ionospheric Disturbances
15.1 Solar flares and upper ionospheric disturbances
15.2 Effect of CMEs on the upper ionosphere
15.3 Effect of SEPs on the upper ionosphere
15.4 Ionospheric modeling due to X-ray flares
15.5 Auroral Ionosphere

16. Upper Ionosphere of Mars during Low, Medium and High Solar Activity
16.1 Sunspot and solar activity
16.2 Effects of solar activity in the topside ionosphere
16.3 Ionospheric measurements: Low, medium and high solar activity
16.4 Ionospheric modeling: Low, medium and high solar activity
16.5 Solar rotation effects on the Martian ionosphere

17. Airglow on Mars
17.1 Early dayglow measurements: Mariners 6, 7 & 9
17.2 Latest dayglow measurements: MEX and MAVEN
17.3 Early nightglow measurements: Mars 4 and 5
17.4 Physical processes of airglow
17.5 Modeling of dayglow
17.6 Modeling of nightglow

18. Middle Ionosphere of Mars
18.1 MGS measurements and Meteoric layer
18.2 MEX measurements and Meteoric layer
18.3 Meteoroid flux and composition
18.4 Meteors at Mars during the encounter of Comet C/2013
18.5 Composition of meteoric ions
18.6 Chemistry of meteoric ions
18.7 Meteoric model

19. Gravity Waves in the Middle Atmosphere of Mars
19.1 Gravity waves
19.2 Stratospheric Gravity waves
19.3 Ionospheric Gravity waves
19.4 Gravity waves in the airglow
19.5 Ion drag 19.6 Heat and momentum
19.7 Coriolis force

20. Lower Atmosphere of Mars
20.1 Temperature and pressure measurements
20.2 Neutral density and composition
20.3 Dynamics of the lower atmosphere
20.4 Atmospheric wind
20.5 Models of the lower atmosphere

21. Trace Gases of Mars Atmosphere
21.1 Ozone
21.2 Water vapor
21.3 Sulpher dioxide
21.4 Methane
21.5 Argon

22. Seasonal Variability of Atmospheric Gases
22.1 Basics of Global Circulation Model
22.2 Ozone variability
22.3 Global mapping of water vapor
22.4 Seasonal variability of carbon dioxide
22.5 Seasonal variability of carbon monoxide
22.6 Seasonal variability of oxygen

23. Infrared Thermal Emissions from Mars Atmosphere
23.1 Thermal Emission Spectrometer: MGS measurement
23.2 Planetary Fourier Spectrometer: MEX measurement
23.3 Brightness temperature of Mars
23.4 Planck function and radiance
23.5 Radiative transfer model
23.6 Effects of dust storm on thermal emission spectra

24. Lower Ionosphere of Mars
24.1 Mars 4 and 5 measurements
24.2 Galactic cosmic ray ionization
24.3 Chemistry of the lower ionosphere
24.4 D layer ionosphere of Mars
24.5 Models of the lower ionosphere

25. Conductivity
25.1 Ion conductivity in the lower ionosphere
25.2 Effect of dust storm on conductivity
25.3 Ion-dust model
25.4 Chemistry of dusty ionosphere
25.5 Atmospheric electricity
25.6 Aerosol charging

26. Dust Storm in the Lower Atmosphere of Mars
26.1 Infrared dust optical depth: MGS Measurements
26.2 Infrared dust optical depth: Mars Odyssey Measurements
26.3 Dust layers in the Martian atmosphere
26.4 Characteristics of Dust and its size distribution
26.5 Effects of dust in the D region ionosphere
26.6 Density distribution model of aerosol particles

27. Summary and Conclusions

Appendix 1- Photoabsorption and photoionization cross sections
Appendix 2- Electron impact crossections of CO2, N2, O2, O and CO
Appendix 3- Chemical reactions for upper ionosphere of Mars
Appendix 4- Chemical reactions for lower ionosphere of Mars
Appendic 5- Chemical reactions for dusty ionosphere of Mars
Appendix 6- Chemical reactions for meteoric ions

References

Über Autor(innen)

Prof. S.A. Haider has worked at the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India, for 25 years on the modeling studies of Martian atmosphere. During this period, he has published over eighty scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals, several review papers and book chapters. He has also edited a book on Modeling of Planetary Atmospheres, published by Macmillan. He is a recipient of several prestigious fellowships like the Russian Academy of Sciences Fellowship (Russia), JSPS Fellowship (Japan) and FAPESP Fellowship (Brazil). Based on his innovative work, he was elected fellow of all three academy of sciences in India and has also been elected president of planetary sciences 2012–2014 by Asia Oceania Geosciences Society.