Reverse Osmosis

3rd Auflage
ISBN: 978-1-119-72474-2
Verlag: Wiley

Buch, Englisch, 672 Seiten, Format (B × H): 155 mm x 231 mm, Gewicht: 1064 g

REVERSE OSMOSIS

Reverse osmosis (RO) is the world’s leading demineralization technology. It is used to provide clean water for potable and ultrapure uses as well as to treat wastewater for recycle or reuse. Regardless of the application or industry, the basics of RO are the same. This book provides the reader with in-depth knowledge about RO basics for any application.

This third edition is completely updated, still covering the basics of RO but with new insights as to how to optimize performance. Sections of the book cover the history of RO, membrane and transport model development, pretreatment to minimize membrane deposition and damage, effective cleaning and troubleshooting methods, and data collection and analysis. A new section was added that provides detail about RO and water sustainability. Alternative membrane materials and high-recovery RO are some of the topics included in this new section.

Topics are presented in clear and concise language with enough depth to enhance comprehension. The reader will walk away with a new understanding of the topics covered in the book, thereby enabling them to optimize their own RO systems. Engineers and consultants will be able to design or troubleshoot RO systems more effectively. This book is the complete and definitive guide to RO for all persons concerned with RO systems.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Kucera, Jane

Fachgebiete

• Geowissenschaften Geologie Hydrologie, Hydrogeologie
• Technische Wissenschaften Bauingenieurwesen Wasserbau
• Naturwissenschaften Chemie Analytische Chemie Umweltchemie, Lebensmittelchemie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface to the 3rd Edition xxi

Acknowledgements xxiii

Section I: Fundamentals 1

1 Introduction to Reverse Osmosis: History, Challenges, and Future Directions 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 A Brief History of Reverse Osmosis 5

1.3 Challenges and Prospects 14

1.4 Summary 26

Symbols 26

Nomenclature 27

References 27

2 Principles and Terminology 33

2.1 Semipermeable Membranes 33

2.2 Osmosis 33

2.3 Reverse Osmosis 35

2.4 Basic Performance Parameters: Recovery, Rejection, and Flux 35

2.5 Filtration 43

2.5.1 Dead-End Filtration 43

2.5.2 Cross-Flow Filtration 43

2.6 Concentration Polarization 45

Symbols 47

Nomenclature 48

References 48

3 Membranes: Transport Models, Characterization, and Elements 51

3.1 Membrane Transport Models 51

3.2 Polymeric Membranes 57

3.3 Membrane Elements 80

3.4 Specialty Membranes and Elements 91

Symbols 95

Nomenclature 96

References 97

Section II: System Design and Engineering 103

4 Basic Design Arrangements and Concentration Polarization Guidelines 105

4.1 Arrays and Stages 105

4.2 Passes 113

Symbols 115

Nomenclature 115

References 115

5 RO System Design Using Design Software 117

5.1 RO System Design Guidelines 117

5.2 Step-by-Step Design—Sample Problem 118

5.3 Design Software 121

5.4 Optimum Design Result for the Sample Problem 140

Symbols 141

Nomenclature 141

References 142

6 Design Considerations 143

6.1 Feed Water Source and Quality 143

6.2 System Operations 149

6.3 Existing RO System Design Considerations 157

Symbols 161

Nomenclature 161

References 162

7 RO Equipment 163

7.1 Basic RO Skid Components 163

7.2 Skid Design Considerations 181

7.3 Energy Recovery Devices (ERDs) 196

7.4 Clean-In-Place (CIP) Equipment 200

7.5 Mobile RO Equipment 203

Symbols 205

Nomenclature 205

References 206

Section III: Membrane Deposition and Degradation: Causes, Effects, and Mitigation via Pretreatment and Operations 207

8 Membrane Scaling 211

8.1 What is Membrane Scale? 211

8.2 Effects of Scale on Membrane Performance 212

8.3 Hardness Scales 215

8.4 Silica Scale 226

8.5 Struvite 236

8.6 Scaling Mitigation Guidelines—Summary 239

Symbols 240

Nomenclature 240

References 240

9 Generalized Membrane Fouling 249

9.1 What is Membrane Fouling? 249

9.2 Classification and Measurement of Potential Foulants 250

9.3 Effects of Fouling on Membrane Performance 265

9.4 Pretreatment to Minimize Membrane Fouling 279

9.5 Feed Water Quality Guidelines to Minimize Membrane Fouling 323

Symbols 324

Nomenclature 324

References 326

10 RO Membrane Biofouling 335

10.1 What is RO Membrane Biofouling? 335

10.2 Factors Affecting Membrane Biofouling 339

10.3 Effects of Biofouling on Membrane Performance 342

10.4 Measurement of Biofouling 343

10.5 Mitigation Techniques 345

10.6 Biofouling and Mitigation Summary 376

Symbols 378

Nomenclature 378

References 379

11 Membrane Degradation 387

11.1 Chemical Degradation 388

11.2 Mechanical Damage 404

Symbols 412

Nomenclature 412

References 412

Section IV: System Monitoring, Normalization, and Troubleshooting 417

12 Data Collection and Normalization 419

12.1 Data Collection 419

12.2 Data Normalization 422

Symbols 427

Subscripts 428

Nomenclature 428

References 428

13 Membrane Issues and Troubleshooting 431

13.1 Observed Performance Issues 432

13.2 Common Causes of Performance Failures 445

13.3 Troubleshooting Techniques 447

Symbols 471

Nomenclature 471

References 472

Section V: Off-Line Activities: Membrane Cleaning, Flushing, and Layup 475

14 Membrane Cleaning 477

14.1 When to Clean 478

14.2 Cleaning Chemicals 479

14.3 Cleaning Equipment Design 483

14.4 Cleaning Techniques 487

14.5 Determining the Efficacy of Cleaning 493

14.6 Clean-In-Place (CIP) Versus Offsite Cleaning 494

14.7 Membrane Disinfection 495

Symbols 500

Nomenclature 500

References 501

15 Controlling Off-Line Membrane Deposition via Flushing and Layup 505

15.1 Membrane Flushing 505

15.2 Membrane Layup 508

15.3 Membrane Preservation 510

Nomenclature 512

References 512

Section VI: Sustainability and Future Prospects 515

16 Concentrate Management 517

16.1 Discharge 517

16.2 Land Application 519

16.3 Reuse 519

16.4 Off-Site Disposal 523

16.5 Emerging Technologies for Concentrate Management 523

Symbols 529

Nomenclature 529

References 529

17 High-Recovery Reverse Osmosis 531

17.1 Single-Step High Recovery Processes 531

17.2 Enhanced High Recovery Processes with Interstage Solute Precipitation 548

17.3 Multi-Step High Recovery Membrane Processes 552

17.3.1 Toward Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) 552

Symbols 558

Nomenclature 558

References 559

18 New and Alternative Membrane Materials For Sustainability 565

18.1 Specific Requirements to Improve Sustainability 566

18.2 Membrane Materials to Meet RO Demineralization Challenges 571

Nomenclature 594

References 595

Index 601

Über Autor(innen)

Jane Kucera is a senior technical consultant with Nalco Water, an Ecolab Company, where she designs water and wastewater use and reuse facilities. With over 40 years of experience, she has an MS in chemical engineering and has authored two books, both with Scrivener Publishing, the first and second editions of Reverse Osmosis, and the first and second editions of Desalination: Water from Water. She is active in the International Water Conference (IWC) and served as the 2023 Conference Chair. She received the 2021 Award of Merit offered by the Engineers’ Society of Western Pennsylvania for her work in the water treatment industry and contributions to the IWC. Jane has a Teaching Credential from the State of California and taught chemistry at Linfield University, Los Angeles Valley College, and Central Oregon Community College.