Location-Based Services

Fundamentals and Operation
1. Auflage 2005
ISBN: 978-0-470-09231-6
Verlag: Wiley

Buch, Englisch, 392 Seiten, Format (B × H): 168 mm x 252 mm, Gewicht: 874 g

Location-based Services (LBSs) are mobile services for providing information that has been created, compiled, selected or filtered under consideration of the users’ current locations or those of other persons or mobile devices. Typical examples are restaurant finders, buddy trackers, navigation services or applications in the areas of mobile marketing and mobile gaming. The attractiveness of LBSs is due to the fact that users are not required to enter location information manually but are automatically pinpointed and tracked.

This book explains the fundamentals and operation of LBSs and gives a thorough introduction to the key technologies and organizational procedures, offering comprehensive coverage of positioning methods, location protocols and service platforms, alongside an overview of interfaces, languages, APIs and middleware with examples demonstrating their usage.
- Explanation and comparison of all protocols and architectures for location services
- In-depth coverage of satellite, cellular and local positioning
- All embracing introduction to 3GPP positioning methods, such as Cell-Id, E-OTD, U-TdoA, OTDoA-IPDL and Assisted GPS
- Explains the operation of enhanced emergency services such as E-911
- Identifies unsolved research issues and challenges in the area of LBSs

This comprehensive guide will be invaluable to undergraduate and postgraduate students and lecturers in the area of telecommunications. It will also be a useful resource to developers and researchers seeking to expand their knowledge in this field.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Küpper, Axel

Fachgebiete

• Mathematik | Informatik EDV | Informatik Computerkommunikation & -vernetzung Mobilfunk- und Drahtlosnetzwerke & Anwendungen
• Technische Wissenschaften Elektronik | Nachrichtentechnik Nachrichten- und Kommunikationstechnik Drahtlostechnologie
• Mathematik | Informatik EDV | Informatik Angewandte Informatik Wirtschaftsinformatik

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xi
List of Abbreviations xiii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 What are Location-based Services? 1
1.2 Application Scenarios 3
1.3 LBS Actors 10
1.4 Standardization 11
1.5 Structure of this Book 13

Part I Fundamentals 15

2 What is Location? 17
2.1 Location Categories 17
2.2 Spatial Location 19
2.3 Conclusion 33

3 Spatial Databases and GIS 35
3.1 What are Spatial Databases and GIS? 36
3.2 Geographic versus Spatial Data Models 36
3.3 Representing Spatial Objects 38
3.4 Features and Themes 45
3.5 Algorithms of Computational Geometry 53
3.6 Geography Markup Language 55
3.7 Conclusion 59

4 Basics of Wireless Communications 61
4.1 Signals 61
4.2 Propagation of Radio Signals 68
4.3 Multiplexing and Multiple Access 79
4.4 Conclusion 86

5 Cellular Networks and Location Management 89
5.1 Overview of Cellular Systems 90
5.2 Principles of Cellular Networks 91
5.3 Mobility Management 97
5.4 Common Concepts of Location Management 99
5.5 Location Management in CS Networks 103
5.6 Location Management in PS Networks 109
5.7 Conclusion 119CONTENTS vii

Part II Positioning 121

6 Fundamentals of Positioning 123
6.1 Classification of Positioning Infrastructures 126
6.2 Basic Positioning Methods 130
6.3 Range Measurements 143
6.4 Accuracy and Precision 148
6.5 Error Sources 151
6.6 Conclusion 154

7 Satellite Positioning 155
7.1 Historical Background 155
7.2 Orbital Motion of Satellite Systems 157
7.3 Global Positioning System 162
7.4 Differential GPS 177
7.5 Galileo 179
7.6 Conclusion 183

8 Cellular Positioning 185
8.1 Positioning in GSM Networks 185
8.2 Positioning in UMTS Networks 211
8.3 Assisted GPS in GSM and UMTS 225
8.4 Positioning in other Cellular Systems 229
8.5 Conclusion 230

9 Indoor Positioning 233
9.1 WLAN Positioning 233
9.2 RFID Positioning 239
9.3 Indoor Positioning with GPS 240
9.4 Non Radiolocation Systems 241
9.5 Conclusion 244

Part III LBS Operation 247

10 Interorganizational LBS Operation 249
10.1 LBS Supply Chain 250
10.2 Scenarios of the LBS Supply Chain 252
10.3 Supplier/Consumer Patterns for Location Dissemination 254
10.4 Privacy Protection 257
10.5 Conclusion 269

11 Architectures and Protocols for Location Services 271
11.1 GSM and UMTS Location Services 273
11.2 Enhanced Emergency Services 288
11.3 Mobile Location Protocol 294
11.4 WAP Location Framework 301
11.5 Parlay/OSA 305
11.6 Geopriv 307
11.7 Conclusion 312

12 LBS Middleware 315
12.1 Conceptual View of an LBS Middleware 316
12.2 Location API for J2ME 318
12.3 OpenGIS Location Services 322
12.4 Conclusion 335

13 LBS – The Next Generation 337

Bibliography 343
Index 353

Über Autor(innen)

Axel Küpper received a diploma in computer science in 1996 and his Ph. D in 2001 from Aachen University of Technology, Germany. Since 2001 Küpper has worked as a research assistant at the Chair of Communication Systems and Computer Networks of Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich. His research activities focus on the fields of distributed systems and mobile communications. Küpper has carried out several research projects about location and context awareness and published approximately 30 reviewed papers.