From Solar Nebula to the Human Brain
Buch, Englisch, 440 Seiten, Format (B × H): 156 mm x 234 mm, Gewicht: 737 g
ISBN: 978-0-691-00938-4
Verlag: Princeton University Press
An ever-increasing concern over environmental degradation, together with recent technological advances, has spawned an explosion of chemical data for a wide variety of matter found on earth and in the solar system. Yuan-Hui Li's book offers professionals and students alike an indispensable up-to-date guide to geochemistry, bringing together new information on topics ranging from nucleosynthesis to crystal chemistry, from the systematics of chemical variation in the earth's core to the composition of complex organics. The objective is to illustrate the physicochemical principles and various natural processes that can explain observed compositional changes in natural substances. A general understanding of these principles and processes (including those pertaining to cosmology, geology, and biology) is essential, maintains the author, for deciphering and predicting transport pathways and final sinks of anthropogenic pollutants in our environment. The book focuses on compositional data and related references for such substances as solar photosphere, meteorites, igneous rocks, soils, sedimentary rocks, surficial waters, marine and terrestrial organisms (including humans), and aerosols. It emphasizes the use of original raw data as much as possible, and applies the statistical technique of factor analysis to elucidate any underlying interrelationships among chemical elements and given sample sets. Whenever applicable, simple chemical thermodynamic models are introduced to explain the observed partitioning of elements among different phases.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Atoms, Nuclei, and Energy 3
Introduction 3
I-1. Periodic Table of the Elements and Electron Configurations of Atoms 3
I-2. Atomic Nuclei and Nuclear Binding Energies 13
I-3. Cohesive Energies among the Atoms of Pure Metals and Nonmetals 19
I-4. Ionization Energies and Electron Affinities of Gaseous Atoms and Ions 23
I-5. Ionic Radii and Ionic Potentials 28
I-6. Electric Polarizability 35
I-7. Electronegativity 39
I-8. Crystal Lattice Energies 44
I-9. Hydrolysis of Canons and Dissociation of Oxyacids 48
I-10. Solubility Products and Affinity of Aqueous Cations to Oxides 52
I-11. Concluding Remarks 53
Chapter 2: The Solar Nebula and Nucleosynthesis 55
Introduction 55
II-1. Elemental and Isotopic Compositions of the Solar Nebula 55
II-2. Cosmological Nucleosynthesis 63
II-3. Stellar Nucleosynthesis 68
II-4. Concluding Remarks 82
Chapter 3: Structure and Chemistry of the Solar System 83
Introduction 83
III-1. Motion of Interplanetary Objects 83
III-2. Asteroids and Comets 86
III-3. Planets, Their Satellites, and Their Rings 99
III-4. Condensation of Solid Dusts from the Solar Nebular Gas 107
Chapter 4: Distribution of Elements in Meteorites 119
Introduction 119
IV-1. Classification of Meteorites 119
IV-2. Oxygen Isotopes and Possible Genetic Relationships among Subclasses of Meteorites 129
IV-3. Bulk Compositions of Chondrites and Factor Analysis 133
IV-4. Cosmochemical Classification of Elements 144
IV-5. Matrices and Chondrules of Chondrites 154
IV-6. Ca-Al-Rich Inclusions in Chondrites 167
IV-7. Igneous Differentiation in Achondrites and Iron Meteorites 179
IV-8. Concluding Remarks 188
Chapter 5: Igneous Rocks and the Composition of the Earth 189
Introduction 189
V-1. Classification Scheme for Igneous Rocks 189
V-2. Earth's Structure and Mineral Composition 193
V-3. Partial Melting and Fractional Crystallization Models of Igneous Rocks 197
V-4. Deduction of the Primitive Upper Mantle Composition 209
V-5. Partition of the Elements between Mantle and Core 215
V-6. Continental and Oceanic Crusts 221
V-7. Relationship between the Compositions of Mantle and Crust 231
V-8. Isotopic Heterogeneity of the Mantle 234
V-9. Case Studies of Elemental Association in Igneous Rocks 242
V-10. Concluding Remarks 249
Chapter 6: Weathering and Sedimentary Rocks 253
Introduction 253
VI-1. Weathering of Igneous Rocks 254
VI-2. Dissolved Products of Chemical Weathering 260
VI-3. Major Classes of Sedimentary Rocks 264
VI-4. Relative Abundances of Major Sedimentary Rock Types and Mass Balance 268
VI-5. Shales and Related Materials 273
VI-6. Trace Elements in Sandstone and Limestone 283
VI-7. Iron Formations 288
VI-8. Partition of Elements between River-Suspended Particles and River Water, and the Adsorption Model 296
VI-9. Concluding Remarks 302
Chapter 7: Distribution of Elements in the Ocean 303
Introduction 303
VII-I. Concentrations of Elements in the Oceans 3(13
VII-2. Chemical Speciation of Elements in the Ocean 312
VII-3. Marine Algae and Plankton 317
VII-4. Zooplankton Fecal Pellets and Sediment Trap Material 325
VII-5. Marine Sediments 329
VII-6. Marine Manganese Nodules and Seamount Manganese Crusts 341
VII-7. Marine Phosphorite 347
VII-8. Hydrothermal Vents of the Mid-Ocean Ridges 348
VII-9. Concluding Remarks 352
Chapter 8: Biosphere and Homo Sapiens 355
Introduction 355
VIII-1. Are all Creatures Created Equal? 355
VIII-2. Human Body 366
VIII-3. Coals, Crude Oils, and Organic-Rich Shales 376
VIII-4. Relative Volatility of Elements and Compositions of Aerosol Particles 387
VIII-5. Effects of Fossil Fuel Burning on the Chemistry of Rain and River Waters: A Case Study 405
VIII-6. Concluding Remarks 411
Appendix: Rayleigh Condensation and Evaporation Models 413
Appendix Table A-1: Ionization
