Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, the Earth System

Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change
Volume 1 Auflage
ISBN: 978-0-470-85360-3
Verlag: Wiley

Buch, Englisch, 800 Seiten, Format (B × H): 220 mm x 302 mm, Gewicht: 2268 g

Volume One of this Encyclopedia deals with the physical and chemical dimensions of the Earth system, including for example the atmosphere, the oceans, the cryosphere, and those aspects of the land surface particularly relevant to interactions with other components of the Earth system.

It focuses on the most dynamic aspects of the system, on the factors and processes that produce change, and on the programs and individual scientists most concerned with measuring and understanding change.

The volume begins with a group of extended review essays, followed by shorter articles on various aspects of the history, current state, and possible future states of the Earth system, including the interactions among the components of this system.

Expert contributions feature on:

- Historical trends in various environmental indicators, both in the past century and extending back through geological time
- What we have learned, and the tools used to gain knowledge about the functioning of this complex system, from field programs to model simulations
- Effects of human intervention on climate change and stratospheric ozone depletion
- Details of organized international observing, data management, and research programs in the Earth sciences
- Brief biographies of a selection of leading scientists

This volume represents a uniquely valuable source of focused, timely, and authoritative information relating to the issues of global environmental change. It has been constructed broad enough in scope to illuminate every corner of the relevant geophysical sciences, while remaining concise and readily usable by the non-specialist.

Autoren/Hrsg.

MacCracken, Michael C.

Perry, John S.

Weitere Mitwirkende

Munn, Ted

Fachgebiete

• Geowissenschaften Geologie Umweltgeologie, Geoökologie
• Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface to the Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change xi

Preface to Volume One xvii

The Earth System 1

Earth System Processes 13

Earth System History 31

Earth Observing Systems 61

The Global Temperature Record 82

Models of the Earth System 99

Model Simulations of Present and Historical Climates 114

Projection of Future Changes in Climate 126

Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone 140

International Organizations in the Earth Sciences 156

Acoustic Thermometry 161

ACSYS (Arctic Climate System Study) 161

Aerosols, Effects on the Climate 162

Aerosols, Polar Stratospheric Cloud 167

Aerosols, Stratosphere 169

Aerosols, Troposphere 172

Agassiz, Louis 175

Air Pressure 176

Air Quality, Global 177

Albedo 182

AMIP (Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project) 183

Antarctica 184

Anthropocene 189

Anticyclone 191

Arctic Air Quality 191

Arctic Climate 193

Arctic Ocean 199

Arctic Oscillation 201

ARM (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement)Program 203

Arrhenius, Svante 204

Asteroids and Comets, Effects on Earth 204

Atlantic Ocean 211

Atmospheric Angular Momentum and Earth Rotation 211

Atmospheric Composition, Past 213

Atmospheric Composition, Present 216

Atmospheric Electricity 218

Atmospheric Motions 221

Atmospheric Structure 243

Bjerknes, Jacob 245

Bolin, Bert 245

Broecker, Wallace S 246

Budyko, Mikhail Ivanovich 248

Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Climate Over Geological Times 249

Carbon Dioxide, Recent Atmospheric Trends 254

Carbon Monoxide 261

CEOS (Committee on Earth Observation Satellites) 261

Chandler Wobble 262

Chaos and Predictability 263

Charney, Jule Gregory 266

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 267

CLIC (Climate and Cryosphere) 269

CLIMAP (Climate: Long-range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction) 269

Climate 270

Climate Agenda 270

Climate Analogues 271

Climate Change 271

Climate Change, Abrupt 272

Climate Change, Detection and Attribution 278

Climate Feedbacks 283

Climate Model Simulations of the Geological Past 296

Climate Sensitivity 301

Climatology 308

CLIVAR (CLImate VARiability and Predictability) 311

Cloud-Radiation Interactions 312

Clouds 316

Continental Drift 321

Convection 325

Coriolis Effect 326

Cretaceous 329

Crutzen, Paul J 330

Cryosphere 330

Dansgaard-Oescheger Cycles 332

Deserts 332

Dimethylsulfide (DMS) 343

Downscaling 346

Dust 347

Eemian 352

El Ni? no 353

El Ni? no and La Ni ? na: Causes and Global Consequences 353

El Ni? no/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 370

El Viejo 370

Energy Balance and Climate 371

Energy Balance Climate Models 376

EOS (Earth Observing System) 382

Equilibrium Response 382

Feedbacks, Chemistry - Climate Interactions 384

Fingerprinting 388

Franklin, Benjamin 390

Fronts 391

GAIM (Global Analysis, Interpretation and Modeling) Program 392

GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program) 392

GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch) 393

GCDIS (Global Change Data and Information System) 393

GCOS (Global Climate Observing System) 394

General Circulation Models (GCMs) 394

Geological Cycling 397

Geomorphology 402

Geothermal Heat 402

GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) 402

Glaciers 404

Global Plate Tectonics 410

Global Warming Potential (GWP) 411

GOALS (Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System) 411

Greenhouse Effect 413

Greenland 413

Greenland Ice Sheet 419

Ground Temperature 422

Hadley Circulation 427

Halocarbons 427

Hare, Kenneth 428

Heinrich (H-) Events 429

Holocene 431

Houghton, John Theodore 432

Humidity 432

Hurricanes, Typhoons and other Tropical Storms - Descriptive Overview 433

Hurricanes, Typhoons and other Tropical Storms - Dynamics and Intensity 439

Hydrofluorocarbons 447

Hydrogen Peroxide Trends in Greenland Glaciers 447

Hydrologic Cycle 450

Hydrology 464

IAHS (International Association of Hydrological Sciences) 466

IAMAS (International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences) 466

IAPSO (International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans) 467

Icebergs 467

IGAC (International Global Atmospheric Chemistry) 467

IGY (International Geophysical Year) 468

IHP (International Hydrological Program) 468

Imbrie, John 469

Infrared Radiation 470

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) 476

Ionosphere 476

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 477

IRI (International Research Institute for Climate Prediction) 477

ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) 478

ISLSCP (International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project) 478

Isostasy 479

IUGG (International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics) 479

Jet Stream 481

JGOFS (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study) 483

Junge Layer 483

Keeling, Charles David 484

Kondratyev, Kirill Yakovlevich 485

La Ni? na 487

Lamb, Hubert H 487

Land Cover and Climate 488

Land Surface 493

Lapse Rate 499

Last Glacial Maximum 500

Latent Heat 500

Lifetime (of a Gas) 501

Lightning 501

Lightning and Atmospheric Electricity 502

Limnology 503

Lithosphere 503

Little Ice Age 504

Lorenz, Edward N 509

Lovelock, James 510

Madden-Julian Oscillation 511

Malone, Thomas F 511

Manabe, Syukuro 512

Maunder Minimum 514

Medieval Climatic Optimum 514

Mesosphere 516

Mesozoic 516

Meteorology 517

Methane 517

Methane Clathrates 518

Methyl Bromide 520

Milankovitch, Milutin 522

Modeling Regional Climate Change 523

Molina, Mario J 533

Monitoring Systems, Global Geophysical 534

Monsoons 539

Mountain Climates 540

MSU (Microwave Sounding Unit) 541

Munk, Walter 541

Munn, Robert Edward (Ted) 542

Natural Climate Variability 544

Natural Records of Climate Change 550

Nitrous Oxide 554

North Atlantic Oscillation 555

Ocean Circulation 557

Ocean Conveyor Belt 579

Ocean Drilling Program 581

Ocean Observing Techniques 581

Oceanography 584

Oeschger, Hans A 585

Orbital Variations 586

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) 590

Ozone Hole 590

Pacific-Decadal Oscillation 592

Pacific-North American (PNA) Teleconnection 594

PAGES (Past Global Changes) 596

Paleoclimatology 596

Paleozoic 597

Parameterization 598

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) 598

Permafrost 598

Photochemical Reactions 601

Planetary Boundary Layer 603

Plate Tectonics 605

Pleistocene 607

Polynyas 607

Prediction in the Earth Sciences 607

Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) 611

Quasi-Decadal Oscillation 613

Quaternary 615

Radiative Forcing 616

Radionuclides, Cosmogenic 618

Radiosondes 619

Rain 622

Residence Time (of an Atom, Molecule or Particle) 622

Revelle, Roger Randall Dougan 623

Richardson, Lewis Fry 624

Roberts, Walter Orr 625

Rossby, Carl-Gustaf 626

Rossby Waves 626

Rowland, F Sherwood 627

Runoff 628

Salinity 629

Salinity Patterns in the Ocean 629

SCOR (Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research) 640

Sea Ice 640

Sea Level 645

Sea Surface Temperature 650

Sensible Heat 656

Snow 656

Soil Moisture 658

Solar Irradiance and Climate 659

Solar Variability, Long-term 666

Southern Ocean 668

Southern Oscillation 672

SPARC (Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate) 672

Storm Surge 673

Stratosphere 674

Stratosphere, Chemistry 675

Stratosphere, Ozone Trends 682

Stratosphere, Temperature and Circulation 697

Sub-grid Processes 704

Sunspots 704

Suomi, Verner Edward 707

Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik 708

Temperature 709

Thermohaline Circulation 710

Tides, Atmospheric 710

Tides, Oceanic 710

TOGA (Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere) 713

Tornadoes 713

Trade Winds 715

Transient Response 715

TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) 716

Tropopause 717

Troposphere 717

Troposphere, Ozone Chemistry 718

Tropospheric Temperature 720

Tsunamis, Causes and Consequences 725

Tunguska Phenomenon 730

UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite) 732

Ultraviolet Radiation 732

Volcanic Eruption, El Chich´ on 736

Volcanic Eruption, Krakatau 736

Volcanic Eruption, Mt. Pinatubo 737

Volcanic Eruption, Tambora 737

Volcanic Eruptions 738

Vostok, Subglacial Lake 744

Walker Circulation 749

Water Vapor: Distribution and Trends 750

WCC (World Climate Conferences - 1979 and 1990) 752

WCP (World Climate Programme) 752

WCRP (World Climate Research Programme) 753

Weather 754

Weathering 755

Wegener, Alfred 755

WGNE (Working Group on Numerical Experimentation) 756

Wind Chill 756

WMO (World Meteorological Organization) 757

WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment) 759

Younger Dryas 761

Über Autor(innen)

Editor-in Chief
Professor Ted Munn, Associate, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto, Canada. He has over 50 years research/teaching experience in the areas of boundary layer meteorology, environmental impact assessment, environmental management and policy formulation. He is Editor-in-Chief of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE). Wiley publish their research monographs (52 titles published to date).

Associate Editors
Professor Michael MacCracken (Volume 1) - Director of the Office of the US Global Change Research Programme (USGCRP), Washington DC, USA. He is a world-renowned academic with over 30 years teaching and research experience in climate modelling.

Dr John S Perry (Volume 1)

Professor Harold A Mooney (Volume 2) - Paul S Achilles Professor of Environmental Biology, Stanford University, USA. He has over 30 years experience in the areas of biodiversity and ecosystem processes. He is Secretary General of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) and past President of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.

Dr Joseph Canadell (Volume 2) - GCTE International Project Office, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra, Australia.

Professor Ian Douglas (Volume 3) - Professor of Physical Geography, University of Manchester, UK. He has over 30 years experience looking at environmental problems, specializing in tropical geomorphology, hydrology and urban environmental management. He is President of Section E Geography of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and past Co-Chairman of SCOPE.

Dr Mostafa Tolba (Volume 4) - President, International Center for Environment and Development, Egypt. He has led more than 1000 international projects in various areas of environmental planning, management and sustainable development and was Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) for over 17 years.

Mr Peter Timmerman (Volume 5) - Programme Co-ordinator and Research Director, International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Study (IFIAS) and Research Associate, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto, Canada. He has published widely in the area of environmental ethics.