Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, the Earth System

Biological and Ecological Dimensions of Global Environmental Change
Volume 2 Auflage
ISBN: 978-0-470-85361-0
Verlag: Wiley

Buch, Englisch, 643 Seiten, Format (B × H): 350 mm x 300 mm, Gewicht: 1928 g

Volume 2 of the Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change deals with the fundamental science that underpins the understanding of quantities and processes that control the basic biogeochemical cycles, and the associated changes in ecosystem physiology and structure under current and predicted human-driven global environmental change.

These changes also include the dramatic loss of species, and the world's reorganization of biota towards higher homogenization.

Main themes covered includes:

- spatial scales of the biosphere including species, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, and the Earth system as a whole
- a description of the most important efforts of a number of international programs, fundamental in the development of thinking in this new field of science

The new understanding provided in this volume forms the basic building blocks allowing:

- integration of the biospheric processes and quantities with the Earth's physical system into one single Earth system
- detection of changes in the world's ecosystems' function and structure, both as already visible impacts of global change and also as indicators of change
- development of the capability to predict impacts on the biosphere brought about by global environmental changes over the next few decades to century.

The information within this volume will enable scientists to develop the technical capabilities and policy tools to mitigate and adapt to undesirable changes.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Mooney, Harold A.

Canadell, Josep G.

Weitere Mitwirkende

Munn, Ted

Fachgebiete

• Geowissenschaften Geologie Umweltgeologie, Geoökologie
• Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface to the Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change xi

Preface to Volume Two xvii

Biological and Ecological Dimensions of Global Environmental Change 1

Biological Invasions 11

Functional Biodiversity 20

IGBP Core Projects 37

Impacts of Global Environmental Change on Animals 56

Natural Systems: Impacts of Climate Change 67

Plant Dispersal and Migration 81

Plants - from Cells to Ecosystems: Impacts of Global

Environmental Change 94

Sedimentary Records of Long-term Ecological Change 112

Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems: Impacts of Global Change 122

Allometric 135

Angiosperm/Gymnosperm 135

Animal Physiology and Global Environmental Change 136

Anthropogenic Impacts on Atmospheric Oxygen 140

Autotroph/Heterotroph 143

Benthic/Pelagic 145

Biocenosis 145

Biocomplexity 145

Biodiversity in Freshwaters 146 Biodiversity in Soils and Sediments: Potential Effects of Global Change 152

Biodiversity: The UNEP Definition 159

Biogeochemical Cycle 159

Bioindicators 160

Biome 166

Biome Models 166

Biome-BGC Ecosystem Model 171

Biosphere 174

Biosphere Enhancement Ratio (BER) 175

Biosphere Reserves 175

Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) 177

Boreal Forest 179

Buffering Capacity 184

C3 and C4 Photosynthesis 186

Carbon and Energy: Terrestrial Stores and Fluxes 190

Carbon Cycle 198

Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) 202

CENTURY Ecosystem Model 206

Chaos and Cycles 209

Climax Vegetation 215

CO2 Enrichment: Effects on Ecosystems 215

Community Richness 224

Conservation Biology 228

Controlled Environment Facilities in Global Change Research 228

Coral Bleaching (1997-1998) 231

Coral Reefs: an Ecosystem Subject to Multiple Environmental Threats 232

Crop Models 241

Daisyworld 247

Darwin, Charles Robert 247

Data Banks: Archiving Ecological Data and Information 248

De Wit, C T 259

Deposition, Dry 260

Deposition, Wet 261

Disturbance 261

DIVERSITAS 268

Ecosystem Services and Costing 272

Ecosystem Stability 281

Ecosystem Structure and Function 282

Ecotones 283

Ehrlich, Paul 288

Elton, C S 289

Environment 290

European Network for Research in Global Change (ENRICH) 290

Eutrophication 292

Evolutionary Processes in Ecosystems 292

Extinctions and Biodiversity in the Fossil Record 297

Extinctions (Contemporary and Future) 301

Fixed Nitrogen 308

Food Webs 308

Forest Gap Models 316

Forest Stand 323

Forest: the FAO Definition 324

Fragmentation and Corridors 324

Freshwater Fisheries 327

Gaia 332

Generic Decomposition and Yield (G'DAY): A Model of

Global Change Impacts on Plant and Soil 332

Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) 336

Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS) 337

Habitat 339

Halophyte/Halophobe 339

Holdridge Life Zone Classification 339

Holling, C S 340

Hutchinson, G Evelyn 341

Hydrology 343

IGBP (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme) 350

IGBP-DIS (International Geosphere-Biosphere Program Data and Information System) 351

IGBP Terrestrial Transects 351

Infectious Diseases 357

Inter American Institute for Global Change (IAIGC) 363

International Biosphere Program (IBP) - a Foundation for Global Studies 364

Intertidal Zones 365

Iron Cycle 369

Keystone Species 375

Lakes and Rivers 375

Landscape Ecology 383

Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) 383

Life Cycles 385

LOICZ (Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone) 389

Long-term Ecological Research (LTER) System 390

Mangrove Ecosystems 395

Margalef, Ramon 401

May, Robert M 401

Mercury in the Environment 402

Metadata 409

Metapopulations 411

Microbial Diversity 421

Monsi, Masami 426

Mooney, Harold A 426

Natural Capital 428

Niche 429

Nitrogen Cycle 429

Nitrogen Deposition on Forests 435

Nitrogen Fixers 442

Nitrogen Mineralization 446

Non-equilibrium Ecology 446

Non-linear Systems 450

Odum, Eugene P 456

OH-Radical: is the Cleansing Capacity of the Atmosphere Changing? 457

Oligotrophic/Heterotrophic/Eutrophic 458

PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) 460

Passerine 460

PET (Potential Evapotranspiration) 461

Phenology 461

Phenotype/Genotype 465

Phosphorus Cycle 466

Photosynthesis 470

Phytophagy 471

Plant Competition in an Elevated CO2 World 471

Plant Functional Types 481

Plant Growthat ElevatedCO2 489

Plant Ontogeny 496

Plants - Carbon Balance and Growth 497

Population Sizes, Changes 504

Productivity 515

Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems 516

Raven, Peter 522

Redfield Ratio 522

Redox Potential 523

Remote Sensing 524

Remote Sensing, Terrestrial Systems 528

Resilience 530

Respiration 531

Restoration, Ecosystem 532

Rhizosphere 539

r -K Strategies 540

Rodin, Leonid E 540

Rosswall, Per Thomas 541

Salinization 543

Soil Mineralization 543

Stable Isotopes 544

Succession, Definition of 550

Succession 551

Suess Effect 557

Symbiosis 557

Tamm, Carl Olof 559

Taxon 560

Taxonomy/Systematics 560

Temperate Coniferous Forests 560

Temperate Deciduous Forests 565

Temperate Grasslands 569

Temperature Increase: Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems 575

Thornthwaite, Charles Warren 581

Tropical Forests 582

Tropical Savannas 586

Tucker, Jim 592

Tundra 593

Vegetation Ecosystem Model and Analysis Project (VEMAP) 603

Vernadsky, Vladimir 604

Volatile Organic Compounds, Biogenic (VOCs) 605

von Humboldt, Alexander 609

Weed 611

Whittaker, Robert H 611

Wilson, Edward Osborne 612

Woodwell, George Masters 613

Über Autor(innen)

Editor-in Chief
Professor Ted Munn, Associate, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto, Canada. He has over 50 years research/teaching experience in the areas of boundary layer meteorology, environmental impact assessment, environmental management and policy formulation. He is Editor-in-Chief of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE). Wiley publish their research monographs (52 titles published to date).

Associate Editors
Professor Michael MacCracken (Volume 1) - Director of the Office of the US Global Change Research Programme (USGCRP), Washington DC, USA. He is a world-renowned academic with over 30 years teaching and research experience in climate modelling.

Dr John S Perry (Volume 1)

Professor Harold A Mooney (Volume 2) - Paul S Achilles Professor of Environmental Biology, Stanford University, USA. He has over 30 years experience in the areas of biodiversity and ecosystem processes. He is Secretary General of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) and past President of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.

Dr Joseph Canadell (Volume 2) - GCTE International Project Office, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra, Australia.

Professor Ian Douglas (Volume 3) - Professor of Physical Geography, University of Manchester, UK. He has over 30 years experience looking at environmental problems, specializing in tropical geomorphology, hydrology and urban environmental management. He is President of Section E Geography of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and past Co-Chairman of SCOPE.

Dr Mostafa Tolba (Volume 4) - President, International Center for Environment and Development, Egypt. He has led more than 1000 international projects in various areas of environmental planning, management and sustainable development and was Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) for over 17 years.

Mr Peter Timmerman (Volume 5) - Programme Co-ordinator and Research Director, International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Study (IFIAS) and Research Associate, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto, Canada. He has published widely in the area of environmental ethics.