Buch, Englisch, 448 Seiten
Architectures, Design, and Optimization
Buch, Englisch, 448 Seiten
ISBN: 978-1-394-37696-4
Verlag: John Wiley & Sons Inc
Top-down approach to EPS architecture for spacecraft electrical power systems
Filling a gap in the existing literature, Spacecraft Electrical Energy Systems guides readers through the design and development of Electrical Power Systems (EPS) for spacecraft using a top-down approach.
The book opens by introducing the function of EPS for spacecraft and giving an overview of the different types of EPS technologies available. It then takes readers through the detailed design and development parameters for EPS, with a focus on requirements and standards from the ECSS and NASA, enabling readers to make more informed decisions as they work on real-world spacecraft projects. It explains the functionality of all common types of spacecraft power bus technologies and compares their advantages and disadvantages.
Spacecraft Electrical Energy Systems also discusses: - Methods of generation of electrical power and energy, covering photovoltaics, solar dynamics, nuclear power, radioisotope thermal generation, and regenerative fuel cells
- Specific EPS design constraints, including compilation and management of the system power budget and power and energy margins
- Solar cell types for space flight, including silicon, gallium arsenide, multiple junction, thin film, indium phosphide, and tandem
- Environmental loads on solar arrays in space, covering thermal cycles, stress on cell interconnectors, debris and micrometeoroids, particle flux, and radiation
- Lithium-based energy storage, covering lithium-ion, lithium-ion-polymer, solid-state lithium-ion, and lithium-sulfur
Spacecraft Electrical Energy Systems delivers important cutting-edge knowledge for professional aerospace engineers, as well as electrical engineers working within the space industry and early-career engineers who are new to the field. The book can also be used by students and instructors in graduate-level specialty courses.
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Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION
2 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM FUNCTION
3 OVERVIEW OF EPS TECHNOLOGY
3.1 APPLICATION RANGES OF SPACECRAFT EPS
3.2 ENERGY GENERATION
3.3 METHODS FOR GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY
3.3.1 Power Sources
3.3.2 Photovoltaics
3.3.3 Solar Dynamics
3.3.4 Nuclear Power Supply
3.3.5 Radioisotope Thermal Generator
3.3.6 Chemical Energy
3.3.7 Regenerative Fuel Cell
4 EPS DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
4.1 GENERIC DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND VERIFICATION PHASES
4.2 PROCESS OF EPS DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
4.3 IDENTIFICATION OF THE EPS DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
4.4 MAJOR EPS DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PARAMETERS
4.4.1 Essential EPS Design Requirements
4.4.2 Other Significant Design Requirements
4.4.3 Operational Reliability
4.4.4 Primary Power Bus Voltage
4.4.5 Primary Power Bus Recovery
4.5 SPECIFIC EPS DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
4.5.1 Compilation and Management of the System Power Budget
4.5.2 Power and Energy Margins
4.5.3 Overview of Power Margins in EPS Design
4.5.4 Computation Guide for Power and Energy Budget
5 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
5.1 STATE-OF-THE-ART EPS ARCHITECTURES
5.2 EPS CORE ELEMENTS AND BUILDING BLOCKS
5.3 PRIMARY POWER BUS TYPES AND ITS APPLICATION EVALUATION
5.3.1 Regulated Power Bus
5.3.2 Unregulated Power Bus
5.3.3 Semi-Regulated Power Bus
5.3.4 Hybrid Power Bus
5.3.5 Power Bus with two PMAD Units
5.3.6 Point-of-Load Supply
5.4 DECENTRALIZED POWER DISTRIBUTION
5.5 AC POWER SUPPLY
5.6 POWER CONVERTERS
5.6.1 Low Voltage DC/DC Converters
5.6.2 High Voltage Power Supply (HVPS)
6 ENERGY GENERATION BY PHOTOVOLTAICS
6.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT
6.2 SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGIES
6.2.1 Spectral Sensitivities
6.2.2 Efficiencies
6.3 GENERIC FUNCTIONS, COMPOSITION, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR CELLS
6.3.1 Electrical Characteristics
6.3.2 Temperature and Radiation Effects
6.4 SOLAR CELL TYPES FOR SPACE FLIGHT
6.4.1 Silicon
6.4.2 Gallium Arsenide
6.4.3 Multiple Junction GaAs
6.4.4 Thin-Film
6.4.5 Tandem
6.4.6 Solar Cells for Special Application
The key features of the HIHT solar cell are:
Lessons learned:
6.5 ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF PHOTOVOLTAIC ASSEMBLIES AND ARRAYS (PVA)
6.5.1 Solar Cell Interconnection Principles and Circuitry
6.5.2 Hotspot Development and Countermeasures
6.5.3 String Protection by Blocking Diode
6.5.4 Grounding and Isolation
6.5.5 Bleed Resistors
6.5.6 Source Resistance
6.5.7 Source Impedance
6.5.8 Solar Array Harness
6.5.9 Magnetic Cancellation and Electrical Field Control
6.5.10 Temperature Effects and Voltage Headroom Considerations
6.5.11 Solar Array Power Computation Model
6.6 MECHANICAL DESIGN OF SOLAR ARRAYS
6.6.1 Deployable Rigid Solar Array
6.6.2 Modules, Sections, Panels, Wings
6.7 ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS ON SOLAR ARRAY
6.7.1 During Spacecraft Launch
6.7.2 In Space
6.8 DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING OF SOLAR ARRAYS
6.8.1 Body Mounted Solar Array
6.8.2 Deployable Solar Array
6.8.3 Flexible Solar Arrays
6.8.4 Manufacturing and Test Flow of a Solar Array
6.8.5 Sizing Examples for Solar Array Power
6.9 SOLAR ARRAY MASS ASSESSMENT
6.9.1 Panel Mass
6.10 SOLAR ARRAY DRIVE ASSEMBLY
6.10.1 Main Functions of the SADM
6.10.2 Slip Ring Sizing and Arrangement
6.10.3 Hardware Design
7 ENERGY STORAGE
7.1 OVERVIEW
7.2 SECONDARY BATTERIES
7.2.1 Nickel-Cadmium
7.2.2 Nickel-Hydrogen
7.2.3 Lithium-Based
7.2.4 Performance and Life Determining Characteristics
7.2.5 Battery Charge Control and State-of-Charge Management
7.2.6 Battery Composition and Assembly
7.2.7 Comparison Snapshot of Battery Cell Technologies
7.2.8 Battery Manufacturing from COTS Li-Ion Cells
8 POWER MANAGEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION
8.1 CONDITIONING OF SOLAR ARRAY POWER
8.1.1 Direct Energy Transfer (DET)
8.1.2 Consideration of the Electro-Dynamical Characteristics of the Solar Array
8.1.3 DET Variants and its Electrical Schematics
8.2 LOW VOLTAGE DC-DC CONVERTERS FOR PRIMARY POWER REGULATION
8.3 PRIMARY POWER BUS IMPEDANCE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
8.3.1 Bus Impedance of a Regulated Bus
8.3.2 Bus Impedance of an Unregulated Bus
8.3.3 Bus Impedance Behavior at Pulsed High Power Load
8.3.4 Stability Criteria of a Power Bus Control Loop
8.4 POWER SOURCE GROUNDING
8.4.1 Primary Power Grounding
8.4.2 Location of the Centralized Grounding Point
8.4.3 Secondary Power Grounding
8.4.4 Coupling between Primary and Secondary Power Grounding
8.4.5 Further Grounding Features
8.5 PASSIVATION OF THE BUS POWER
8.6 BUS PROTECTION MEASURES
8.6.1 Bus Over- and Under-Voltage
8.6.2 Bus Power Distribution
8.6.3 Protection by Fuses
8.6.4 Power Distribution via Active Current Limiters
8.6.5 Outlets for Release Initiator and Actuator Activation
8.6.6 Softstart Implementation
8.6.7 Reverse Current towards Primary Power Inputs
8.6.8 Mechanical Interface
8.6.9 Thermal Interface
8.6.10 Mass Properties and Assessment
9 EPS ELECTRICAL INTERFACE DESIGN
9.1 POWER INTERCONNECTION HARNESS
9.1.1 Ampacity and Derating of Cables
9.1.2 Cable Sizing
9.1.3 Voltage Drop Analysis
9.1.4 Harness Inductance
9.1.5 Bonding, Isolation and Shielding
9.2 SIGNAL INTERFACE
9.3 COMMUNICATION DATA BUS
9.4 BATTERY INTERFACE
9.4.1 Battery Disconnection Device with Relays
9.4.2 Battery Disconnection Device with Semiconductor Switches
9.5 INTERFACES FOR ON-GROUND OPERATION
9.5.1 Battery Simulator Interface
9.5.2 Solar Array Simulator Interface
9.6 UMBILICAL TO LAUNCH VEHICLE
9.7 LAUNCH POWER-OFF
10 EPS CONCEPTS AND ITS ELECTRICAL SCHEMATICS
11 FUNCTIONAL AND OPERATIONAL SAFETY
11.1 DOUBLE INSULATION
11.2 HAZARD POTENTIAL AND RISK MITIGATION
11.2.1 Rules Generally Recommended
11.2.2 Bus Over-Voltage and Spurious Shutdown
11.2.3 Protection of the Umbilical Power Interface
11.2.4 Protection Measures inside Checkout Equipment
12 SPACE RADIATION DESIGN
12.1 IMPACTS CAUSED BY RADIATION
12.2 CLASSIFICATION OF EFFECTS
12.3 GENERAL RADIATION DESIGN
12.4 DEVICE SELECTION REGARDING LET THRESHOLD
13 CONSIDERING FAULT DETECTION, ISOLATION AND RECOVERY
13.1 GLOBAL FDIR REQUIREMENTS
13.2 POSSIBLE EPS FAILURES MODES SUBJECT TO FDIR
13.2.1 EPS FDIR Checkout Routine
14 CONSIDERATION OF NUMERICAL RELIABILITY
15 SAFETY ASSURANCE
15.1.1 Protection of Primary Power Users against Reverse Supply Voltage Polarity
15.2 BATTERY ON-GROUND HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION
15.2.1 Recommendations for NHB Storage, Shipping, Installation & Maintenance after Installation
16 EPS VERIFICATION
16.1 VERIFICATION PHILOSOPHY
16.1.1 Requirements Flow from Specification to Verification
16.1.2 Verification Documents
16.2 VERIFICATION APPROACH
16.2.1 Verification Objective
16.2.2 Verification Philosophy versus Equipment/Unit Model
16.2.3 Testing
16.2.4 EPS Verification on System Level
16.2.5 Cause of Faults during Test Campaign
17 POWER AND ENERGY PERFORMANCE SIMULATION ASPECTS
17.1 SIMULATION PROCESS
17.2 REQUIREMENTS ON A POWR SIMULATION TOOL
17.2.1 Modeling Features
17.3 SIMULATION TOOLS
