Buch, Englisch, 526 Seiten, Format (B × H): 220 mm x 279 mm, Gewicht: 1624 g
Buch, Englisch, 526 Seiten, Format (B × H): 220 mm x 279 mm, Gewicht: 1624 g
ISBN: 978-0-691-01707-5
Verlag: Princeton University Press
Ocean Biogeochemical Dynamics provides a broad theoretical framework upon which graduate students and upper-level undergraduates can formulate an understanding of the processes that control the mean concentration and distribution of biologically utilized elements and compounds in the ocean. Though it is written as a textbook, it will also be of interest to more advanced scientists as a wide-ranging synthesis of our present understanding of ocean biogeochemical processes. The first two chapters of the book provide an introductory overview of biogeochemical and physical oceanography. The next four chapters concentrate on processes at the air-sea interface, the production of organic matter in the upper ocean, the remineralization of organic matter in the water column, and the processing of organic matter in the sediments. The focus of these chapters is on analyzing the cycles of organic carbon, oxygen, and nutrients. The next three chapters round out the authors' coverage of ocean biogeochemical cycles with discussions of silica, dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity, and CaCO3. The final chapter discusses applications of ocean biogeochemistry to our understanding of the role of the ocean carbon cycle in interannual to decadal variability, paleoclimatology, and the anthropogenic carbon budget. The problem sets included at the end of each chapter encourage students to ask critical questions in this exciting new field. While much of the approach is mathematical, the math is at a level that should be accessible to students with a year or two of college level mathematics and/or physics.
Autoren/Hrsg.
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Weitere Infos & Material
Preface xi
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Chemical Composition of the Ocean 1
1.2 Distribution of Chemicals in the Ocean 7
1.3 Chapter Conclusion and Outline of Book 15
Problems 16
Chapter 2: Tracer Conservation and Ocean Transport 19
2.1 Tracer Conservation Equation 19
Advection and Diffusion Components 19
Application to Box Models 22
2.2 Wind-Driven Circulation 23
Equations of Motion 27
Ekman Transport 28
Gyre Circulation 30
2.3 Wind-Driven Circulation in the Stratified Ocean 33
Basic Concepts 34
Ocean Stratification 34
Geostrophic Equations 37
Gyre Circulation with Stratification 37
Insights from the Potential Vorticity Distribution 38
Insights from Tracers 39
Insights from the Thermal Wind Relationship 42
2.4 Deep Ocean Circulation 46
Observations 46
Models 52
Summary of Deep Ocean Circulation 57
2.5 Time-Varying Flows 59
Mesoscale Variability 60
Interannual to Decadal Variability 61
Tropical Variability 61
Extratropical Variability 66
Problems 69
Chapter 3: Air-Sea Interface 73
3.1 Introduction 73
3.2 Gas Solubilities 75
3.3 Gas Exchange 80
Stagnant Film Model 81
Laboratory Studies 83
Field Studies 86
Gas Transfer Velocity Models 89
3.4 Applications 95
Problems 100
Chapter 4: Organic Matter Production 102
4.1 Introduction 102
Nutrient Supply 105
Light 111
Efficiency of the Biological Pump 111
Outline 114
4.2 Ecosystem Processes 115
Nutrients 115
Composition of Organic Matter 115
Limiting Nutrient 117
Paradigm of Surface Ocean Nitrogen Cycling 117
Phytoplankton 123
Classification of Organisms 123
Phytoplankton Distribution and Productivity 128
Modeling Photosynthesis 131
Zooplankton 135
Bacteria 137
4.3 Analysis of Ecosystem Behavior 138
Role of Light Supply 139
Classical Ecosystem Models 142
N-P Model?Bottom-up Limitation 142
N-P-Z Model?Top-Down Limitation 144
Adding the Microbial Loop 146
Multiple Size Class Ecosystem Models 147
The Model 147
Influence of Micronutrients 149
Applications 150
North Pacific versus North Atlantic 152
Oligotrophic Region 155
4.4 A Synthesis 157
The Regeneration Loop 158
The Export Pathway 158
The Role of Iron 160
Conclusions 162
Problems 168
Chapter 5: Organic Matter Export and Remineralization 173
5.1 Introduction 173
Nutrient and Oxygen Distributions 173
Remineralizaton Reactions 178
Preformed and Remineralized Components 179
Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter 180
Outline 181
5.2 Oxygen 181
Separation of Preformed and Remineralized Components 181
Deep Ocean Oxygen Utilization Rates 182
Thermocline Oxygen Utilization Rates 183
5.3 Nitrogen and Phosphorus 186
Stoichiometric Ratios 186
Phosphate 188
The Nitrogen Cycle 189
N* as a Tracer of Denitrification 189
N* as a Tracer of N2 Fixation 195
The Oceanic Nitrogen Budget 196
Nitrous Oxide 197
5.4 Organic Matter Cycling 200
Particulate Organic Matter 200
Overview 200
Particle Flux 203
The Role of Ballast 206
Particle Remineralization 207
Models of Particle Interactions 209
Dissolved Organic Matter 211
5.5 Models 215
Model Development 215
Sensitivity Studies 217
Applications: Control of Oceanic Oxygen 221
Problems 222
Chapter 6: Remineralization and Burial in the Sediments 227
6.1 Introduction 227
Observations 227
Sediment Properties and Processes 229
Remineralization Reactions 233
6.2 Sediment Diagenesis Models 236
Pore Waters 237
Solids 241
6.3 Remineralization 245
Oxic Sediments 246
Anoxic Sediments 250
Dissolved Organic Carbon 253
6.4 Burial 255
The Substrate 255
The Oxidant 256
Protection by Mineral Adsorption 257
Synthesis 258
6.5 Organic Matter Budget 260
Problems 267
Chapter 7: Silicate Cycle 270
7.1 Introduction 270
Water Column
