Buch, Englisch, 624 Seiten, Format (B × H): 178 mm x 254 mm, Gewicht: 1148 g
Approaches and Fundamentals
Buch, Englisch, 624 Seiten, Format (B × H): 178 mm x 254 mm, Gewicht: 1148 g
ISBN: 978-0-19-063510-7
Verlag: Oxford University Press
Revised and updated in its sixth edition, Social Research: Approachs and Fundamentals is a rigorous yet clear and engaging introduction to research methods. Covering all of the fundamentals in a straightforward, student-friendly manner, it is ideal for undergraduate- and graduate-level courses across the social sciences and also serves as an indispensable guide for researchers. Striking a balance between specific techniques and the underlying logic of scientific inquiry, this book provides a lucid treatment of the four major approaches to research: experimentation, survey research, field research, and the use of available data. Richly developed examples of empirical research and an emphasis on the research process enable students to better understand the real-world application of research methods. The authors also offer a unique chapter (13) advocating a multiple-methods strategy.
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Fachgebiete
Weitere Infos & Material
- Preface
- Chapter 1 / Introduction
- Why Study Research Methods?
- Consuming Research Evidence
- Producing Research Evidence
- Methodological Approaches to the Social World
- Some Preliminary Research Questions
- An Experimental Answer
- An Answer from Survey Research
- An Answer from Field Research
- An Answer from Available Data
- Conclusions
- An Overview of the Book
- Chapter 2 / The Nature of Science
- The Aim of Science
- Science as Product
- Scientific versus Nonscientific Questions
- Knowledge as Description
- Knowledge as Explanation and Prediction
- Knowledge as Understanding
- Tentative Knowledge
- Science as Process
- Durkheim's Study of Suicide
- Logical Reasoning
- Empiricism
- Objectivity
- Control
- Critiques of Scientific Inquiry
- The Ideal and the Reality of Scientific Inquiry
- Alternative Models of Social "Science"
- Summary
- PART I / RESEARCH DESIGN
- Chapter 3 / Elements of Research Design
- Origins of Research Topics
- Units of Analysis
- Aggregate Data
- Ecological Fallacy
- Variables
- Types of Variables
- Relationships
- Relationships among Qualitative Variables
- Relationships among Quantitative Variables
- Relationships between a Qualitative and a Quantitative Variable
- Statistically Significant Relationships
- The Nature of Causal Relationships
- Formulating Questions and Hypotheses
- Research Purposes and Research Design
- Stages of Social Research
- Stage 1: Formulation of the Research Question
- Stage 2: Preparation of the Research Design
- Stage 3: Measurement
- Stage 4: Sampling
- Stage 5: Data Collection
- Stage 6: Data Processing
- Stage 7: Data Analysis and Interpretation
- Summary
- Chapter 4 / Measurement
- The Measurement Process
- Conceptualization
- Operationalization
- Operational Definitions in Social Research
- Verbal Reports
- Observation
- Archival Records
- Selection of Operational Definitions
- Levels of Measurement
- Nominal Measurement
- Ordinal Measurement
- Interval Measurement
- Ratio Measurement
- Discussion
- Reliability and Validity
- Sources of Error
- Reliability Assessment
- Test-Retest Reliability
- Split-Half and Internal Consistency Reliability
- Intercoder Reliability
- Improving Reliability
- Validity Assessment
- Subjective Validation
- Criterion-Related Validation
- Construct Validation
- A Final Note on Reliability and Validity
- Summary
- Chapter 5 / Sampling
- Why Sample?
- Population Definition
- Sampling Designs
- Probability Sampling
- Random Selection
- Simple Random Sampling
- Stratified Random Sampling
- Cluster Sampling
- Systematic Sampling
- Nonprobability Sampling
- Convenience Sampling
- Purposive Sampling
- Quota Sampling
- Other Sampling Designs
- Combined Probability and Nonprobability Sampling
- Referral Sampling
- Factors Affecting Choice of Sampling Design
- Stage of Research and Data Use
- Available Resources
- Method of Data Collection
- Factors Determining Sample Size
- Population Heterogeneity
- Desired Precision
- Sampling Design
- Available Resources
- Number of Breakdowns Planned
- Final Notes on Sampling Errors and Generalizability
- Summary
- PART II / METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
- Chapter 6 / Experimentation
- The Logic of Experimentation
- Testing Causal Relations
- Matching and Random Assignment
- Internal and External Validity
- Sampling in Experiments
- Staging Experiments
- An Example: Who Will Intervene?
- Subject Recruitment and Acquisition of Informed Consent
- Introduction to the Experiment
- The Experimental Manipulation
- Manipulation Checks
- Measurement of the Dependent Variable
- Debriefing
- Pretesting
- Experimental and Mundane Realism
- The Experiment as a Social Occasion
- Demand Characteristics
- Evaluation Apprehension
- Other Motives of Experimental Subjects
- Experimenter Effects
- Minimizing Bias Due to the Social Nature of Experimentation
- Experimentation Outside the Laboratory
- Field Experiments
- Experimental Designs in Survey Research
- Units of Analysis Other than Individuals
- Summary
- Chapter 7 / Experimental Designs
- Threats to Internal Validity
- Pre-experimental Designs
- Design 1: The One-Shot Case Study
- Design 2: The One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
- Design 3: The Static Group Comparison
- True Experimental Designs
- Design 4: The Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design
- Design 5: The Posttest-Only Control Group Design
- Design 6: The Solomon Four-Group Design
- Within-Subjects Designs
- Overview of True Experimental Designs
- Factorial Experimental Designs
- Interaction Effects
- Quasi-experimental Designs
- Example 1: Interracial Attitudes and Behavior at a Summer Camp
- Example 2: The Connecticut Crackdown on Speeding
- Summary
- Chapter 8 / Survey Research
- General Features of Survey Research
- Large-Scale Probability Sampling
- Systematic Procedures: Interviews and Questionnaires
- Quantitative Data Analysis
- Secondary Analysis of Surveys
- Survey Research Designs
- Cross-Sectional Designs
- Longitudinal Designs
- Steps in Survey Research: Planning
- Face-to-Face and Telephone Interviewing
- Face-to-Face Interviewing
- Telephone Interviewing
- Paper-and-Pencil Questionnaires
- Computer-Assisted Self-Interviews
- Mixed-Mode Surveys
- Field Administration
- Interviewer Selection
- Interviewer Training
- Pretesting
- Gaining Access
- Interviewing
- Supervision and Quality Control
- Follow-Up Efforts
- Strengths and Limitations of Surveys
- Summary
- Chapter 9 / Survey Instrumentation
- The Survey as a Social Occasion
- Materials Available to the Survey Designer
- Open-Ended and Closed-Ended Questions
- Direct and Indirect Questions
- Response Formats
- Visual and Media Aids
- Existing Questions
- "Sketches" or Preliminaries
- The Opening
- The Placement of Sensitive and Routine Questions
- Order, Flow, and Transition
- Filling in the Sketch: Writing the Items
- Using Language Effectively
- The "Frame of Reference" Problem
- Reason Analysis
- Memory Problems
- Response Bias Problems
- Format Considerations
- Mixed-Mode Instrument Designs
- Pretesting
- Cognitive Laboratory Interviews
- Field Pretesting
- Summary
- Chapter 10 / Field Research
- General Features of Field Research
- Rudimentary, Emergent Research Design
- Direct Observation in Natural Settings
- Unstructured and Semi-structured Interviewing
- Qualitative Data Analysis
- Stages of Field Research
- A Field Study of the Homeless
- Selecting a Research Setting
- Gaining Access
- Presenting Oneself
- Gathering Information
- Analyzing the Data
- Strengths and Limitations of Field Research
- Summary
- Chapter 11 / Research Using Available Data
- Sources of Available Data
- Public Documents and Official Records
- Private Documents
- Mass Media
- Physical, Nonverbal Evidence
- Social Science Data Archives
- Big Data
- General Methodological Issues in Available-Data Research
- Searching for and Procuring Available Data
- Measurement of Key Concepts
- Data Evaluation and Adjustment
- Assessment of Data Completeness
- Historical Analysis
- Descriptive and Analytical History
- Handling Documentary Evidence
- Historical Interpretation
- Content Analysis
- Selecting and Defining Content Categories
- Defining the Unit of Analysis
- Deciding on a System of Enumeration
- Carrying Out the Analysis
- Strengths and Limitations of Research Using Available Data
- Summary
- Chapter 12 / Multiple Methods
- Triangulation
- Multiple Measures of Concepts within the Same Study
- Composite Measures: Indexes and Scales
- Structural Equation Modeling
- Multiple Tests of Hypotheses across Different Studies
- Replications Using the Same Research Strategy: Social Exclusion and Helping
- Replications Using Different Research Strategies
- A Comparison of the Four Basic Approaches to Social Research
- Meta-Analysis
- Problem Formulation
- Data Collection
- Data Evaluation
- Analysis and Interpretation
- Public Presentation
- Summary
- Chapter 13 / Evaluation Research
- Framework and Sample Studies
- Example 1: Aid to Released Prisoners
- Example 2: Curbing Drunk Driving
- Example 3:Immunizing against Gang Membership and Delinquency
- Types of Evaluation Research
- Problem Identification: Conceptualization and Diagnosis
- Policy Planning: Needs and Social Impact Assessments
- Program Development: Formative Evaluation
- Program Implementation: Process Evaluation
- Program Evaluation: Effect and Efficiency Assessment
- Methodological Issues in Evaluation Research
- Theory as a Guide to Research
- Research Design and Internal Validity
- Measurement Validity
- External Validity
- The Social and Political Context of Evaluation Research
- Summary
- PART III / DATA PROCESSING, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION
- Chapter 14 / Data Processing and Elementary Data Analysis
- Preview of Analysis Steps
- Data Processing
- Editing
- Coding
- Entering the Data
- Cleaning
- Data Matrices and Documentation
- The Functions of Statistics in Social Research
- Inspecting and Modifying the Data
- Nominal- and Ordinal-Scale Variables
- Interval- and Ratio-Scale Variables
- Preliminary Hypothesis Testing
- Nominal- and Ordinal-Scale Variables
- Interval- and Ratio-Scale Variables
- Summary
- Chapter 15 / Multivariate Analysis
- Modeling Relationships
- Arrow Diagrams
- Stochastic and Systematic Components
- The Process of Modeling
- Elaboration: Tables and Beyond
- Multiple-Regression Analysis
- Example 1: The Moral Integration of American Cities
- Example 2: Interscholastic Sports and Academic Achievement
- Example 3: Alcohol Consumption, Sleep, and Academic Performance
- Other Modeling Techniques
- Summary
- Chapter 16 / Research Ethics
- Data Collection and Analysis
- Treatment of Human Subjects
- Harm
- Informed Consent
- Deception
- Privacy
- Making Ethical Decisions
- Values in Social Research: Science and Society
- The Issue of Value Neutrality
- Managing Personal Values
- The Application of Research Findings
- Summary
- Chapter 17 / Writing Research Reports
- Searching the Literature
- Using the Internet
- Using the library
- Outlining and Preparing to Write
- Major Headings
- The Abstract
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- Methods
- Findings
- Discussion
- References
- Revision and Other Considerations
- Length
- Avoiding Plagiarism
- Publishing a Research Paper
- Summary
- Glossary
- References
- Name Index
- Subject Index
