Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change

Volume 4
ISBN: 978-0-470-85363-4
Verlag: Wiley-Blackwell

Buch, Englisch, 592 Seiten, Format (B × H): 218 mm x 308 mm, Gewicht: 1734 g

Over the past three decades, the pace of global environmental change has been increasing, and there are warning signals that this trend may accelerate. This has triggered much reflection (and action) within the environmental policy community.

Volume Four of the Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change provides key information on the progress that has been made during this time in the field of human responses to global environmental change - by institutions, academia, governments, lawyers, economists and the whole array of people around the world involved in this field.

The opening essays discuss actions that have been taken, or are contemplated, to deal with global environmental change followed by 100 shorter articles which elaborate on these themes.

Topics covered include:

- strategies for adapting to global change
- tradable emission permits
- the Biodiversity Convention
- the Montreal Protocol
- various tools that assist in the development of better long-term environmental policies (environmental assessment methods, environmental dispute resolution, the design of early warning monitoring systems
- indicators of sustainability, etc.)
- the precautionary principle and Agenda 21.

This volume will prove of great interest to the public, governmental and intergovernmental bodies, engineers in search of technological solutions, business and industry, the scientific community and various sectoral interests such as the fishing, forestry and tourist industries.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Tolba, Mostafa K.

Weitere Mitwirkende

Munn, Ted

Fachgebiete

• Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Umweltsoziologie, Umweltpsychologie, Umweltethik
• Geowissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften Umweltwissenschaften

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface to the Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change xi

Preface to Volume Four xvii

Environmental Responses: an Overview 1

Trends in Environmental Management in the Last 40 Years 1 5

Public-driven Response to Global Environmental Change 21

Scientific Responses in an Era of Global Environmental Change 36

Policy Responses to Public Health Issues Relating to Global Environmental Change 47

Industrial Responses to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Lessons for Global Climate Change 65

Emerging Environmental Issues 72

Adaptation Strategies 80

Sustainable Energy Policies 86

Dematerialization and Sustainable Development 96

Eco-efficiency 106

Monitoring in Support of Policy: an Adaptive Ecosystem Approach 116

Adaptive Environmental Management 139

Agarwal, Anil 140

Agenda 21 140

Andersen, Stephen O 143

APN (Asia-Pacific Network) 143

Basel Convention 146

Benedick, Richard Elliot 148

Blue Plan 148

Boreal Forest Carbon Flux and it's Role in the Implementation of the Kyoto Protocol Under a Warming Climate 149

Bourdeau, Philippe F J 152

Brinkhorst, Laurens Jan 153

Bruce, James 153

Brundtland, Gro Harlem 154

Capacity Building 156

Carrying Capacity 156

CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) 157

Clean Development Mechanism 158

Cleaner Production 158

Climate Change: an Emerging Issue in the Global Agenda 163

Club of Rome 166

Coastal Zone Management 166

Common but Differentiated Responsibility Principle (Stockholm/Rio) 168

Conference of Parties 168

Convention on Biological Diversity 169

Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) 173

CSD (Commission on Sustainable Development) 178

Cumulative Environmental Assessment 178

Demand Management 181

Dematerialization of the Economy 183

Desertification Convention 183

Distance Learning and Environment 186

Dooge, James 191

Dowdeswell, Elizabeth 192

DPSIR (Driving Forces-Pressures-State -Impacts-Responses) 193

EA (Environmental Assessment) 194

ECA (Economic Commission for Africa) 194

ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean) 195

Eco Taxes 195

Ecological Dumping 198

Ecosystem Health 199

Ecosystem Integrity 199

EEA (European Environment Agency) 200

EIS (Environmental Impact Statement) 201

Emissions Trading 201

Endangered Species 201

Environmental Assessment of Major Development Projects 203

Environmental Data Report 204

Environmental Education 206

Environmental (Eco) Labeling 210

Environmental Policies for the World Oceans 212

Environmental Refugees 214

ESCAP (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) 218

EU (European Union) 218

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) 219

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 221

GEO (Global Environment Outlook) 221

Geographic(al) Information Systems (GIS) 222

GESAMP (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection) 226

Global Environmental Change and Natural Disasters 227

Global Forest Watch 231

Goldemberg, Jose 233

Goodman, Gordon 234

Green Investment 235

GRID (Global Resource Information Database, of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Division of Early Warning and Assessment) 237

Holdgate, Martin 239

IAI (Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research) 241

ICREA (International Commodity-related Environmental Agreements) 242

ICSU (International Council for Science) 242

IDNDR (The International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction) 242

IDWSSD (International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade) 244

IFIAS (International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Study) 244

IHDP (International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Change) 245

IIASA (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis) 246

IMO (International Maritime Organization) 246

Indicators on Environmental Quality and Sustainable Development 247

Industrial Ecology 248

Integrated Assessment, Definition of 249

Integrated Assessment 250

Integrated Assessment Models of Global Change 253

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in an Era of Global Environmental Change 261

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): an Historical Review 265

Internalization 278

International Environmental Prizes 279

International Environmental Standards 281

IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission) 287

IPCS (International Program on Chemical Safety) 288

IRPTC (International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals) 289

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 290

IUCN (The World Conservation Union) 290

Izrael, Yuri A 291

Joint Implementation 292

Kassas, Mohamed 292

Lang, Winfred 294

LEAD (Leadership for Environment and Development) 294

Leapfrogging Technology 295

London Dumping Convention 297

LRTAP (Convention on Long Range Trans-boundary Air Pollution) 297

MacNeill, Jim 299

Materials Flow Accounting 300

Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) 307

MEPC (Marine Environment Protection Committee) 308

Montreal Protocol, Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of 309

Multi-issue Assessments 316

National and Local Responses to Desertification 319

National Self-interest: a Major Factor in International Environmental Policy Formulation 323

Natural Hazards: Social and Policy Responses 328

No Regrets Principle 334

Obasi, G O P 335

OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) 335

Ozone Layer: Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol 337

Policies for Sustainable and Responsible Fisheries 343

Policies for Sustainable Forests: Examples from Canada 351

Policies that Promote Sustainable Energy Futures 356

Policies to Achieve Sustainable Agriculture 358

Policies to Achieve Sustainable Tourism 362

Policy Exercises: a Tool for Solving Environmental

Policy Dilemmas 366

PPP (Polluter Pay Principle) 368

Precautionary Principle 369

Quotas in International Environmental Negotiations 371

Risk Management in an Era of Global Environmental Change 375

SCEP (Study of Critical Environmental Problems) 382

SCOPE (Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment) 383

Seismic Risk (and Risk Assessment) 383

SMIC (Study of Man's Impact on Climate) 385

Social Assessment 386

Social Impact Assessment 387

Socially Responsible Investment 393

Soil Erosion 395

Speth, James Gustave 397

START (Global Change System for Analysis Research and Training) 398

Stockholm and Beyond 398

Strategic Environmental Assessment 403

Strong, Maurice 406

Sustainable Cities Policies 406

Sustainable Development 411

Sustainable Development of Energy Resources in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 412

Sustainable Development Policies in Small Island Developing States 416

Sustainable Development Policy 422

Sustainable Transportation 426

Tickell, Crispin 436

Toepfer, Klaus 436

Tolba, Mostafa 437

Tradable Permits for Greenhouse Gases 438

Tradable Permits for Limiting Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 446

Tradable Permits for Sulfur Emission Reductions 450

Transferable Fisheries Quotas (TFQs) 455

ULYSSES (Urban Lifestyles, Sustainability, and Integrated Environmental Assessment) 460

UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development) 460

UNCHS (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements) 461

UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) 462

UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 463

UNDP (United Nations Development Program) 464

UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) 464

UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization) and the Environment 465

UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund) 466

UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) 468

United Nations Conferences on the Environment 469

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) 474

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Regional Seas Programme (RSP) 476

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Saskawa Environment Prize 477

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol 478

UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation) 485

Use of Epidemiological Data to Develop Air Quality Standards for Short-term and Long-term Environmental Health Benefits 485

Valued Ecosystem Component 493

Vavrou¡ sek, Josef 493

Villach Conferences 494

Volvo Environment Prize 495

Ward, Barbara 497

Watson, Robert T 498

WBCSD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) 498

WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) 499

WFC (World Food Council) 500

White, Gilbert 500

WHO (World Health Organization) 501

World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) 503

World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species 508

Worldwatch Institute 509

WRI (World Resources Institute) 510

WTO (World Trade Organization) 510

WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) 511

CASE STUDIES

Regional Responses to Global Environmental Change 515

Seas

Baltic Sea 517

Black Sea 521

Caspian Sea 524

Mediterranean Sea 528

Freshwater

Aral Sea 534

Great Lakes Region of North America 536

Lake Victoria 539

Nile River 542

General

Climate Change Assessment, United States 544

Dobris European Environment Assessment Process 547

Eco-engineering to Promote Ecological Sustainability in China in an Era of Global Environmental Change 548

MINK (Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas) Study 550

RAINS (Regional Air Pollution Information and Simulation) 552

Transboundary Water Resource Management: The Example of the Canada/US IJC (International Joint Commission) 553

Über Autor(innen)

Editor-in Chief
Professor Ted Munn, Associate, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto, Canada. He has over 50 years research/teaching experience in the areas of boundary layer meteorology, environmental impact assessment, environmental management and policy formulation. He is Editor-in-Chief of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE). Wiley publish their research monographs (52 titles published to date).

Associate Editors
Professor Michael MacCracken (Volume 1) - Director of the Office of the US Global Change Research Programme (USGCRP), Washington DC, USA. He is a world-renowned academic with over 30 years teaching and research experience in climate modelling.

Dr John S Perry (Volume 1)

Professor Harold A Mooney (Volume 2) - Paul S Achilles Professor of Environmental Biology, Stanford University, USA. He has over 30 years experience in the areas of biodiversity and ecosystem processes. He is Secretary General of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) and past President of the American Institute of Biological Sciences.

Dr Joseph Canadell (Volume 2) - GCTE International Project Office, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra, Australia.

Professor Ian Douglas (Volume 3) - Professor of Physical Geography, University of Manchester, UK. He has over 30 years experience looking at environmental problems, specializing in tropical geomorphology, hydrology and urban environmental management. He is President of Section E Geography of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and past Co-Chairman of SCOPE.

Dr Mostafa Tolba (Volume 4) - President, International Center for Environment and Development, Egypt. He has led more than 1000 international projects in various areas of environmental planning, management and sustainable development and was Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) for over 17 years.

Mr Peter Timmerman (Volume 5) - Programme Co-ordinator and Research Director, International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Study (IFIAS) and Research Associate, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Toronto, Canada. He has published widely in the area of environmental ethics.