Geographic Information Systems (Gis) for Disaster Management

1. Auflage 2014
ISBN: 978-1-4822-1168-9
Verlag: CRC PR INC

Buch, Englisch, 310 Seiten, Format (B × H): 187 mm x 265 mm, Gewicht: 760 g

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provide essential disaster management decision support and analytical capabilities. As such, homeland security professionals would greatly benefit from an interdisciplinary understanding of GIS and how GIS relates to disaster management, policy, and practice. Assuming no prior knowledge in GIS and/or disaster management, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Disaster Management guides readers through the basics of GIS as it applies to disaster management practice. Using a hands-on approach grounded in relevant GIS and disaster management theory and practice, this textbook provides coverage of the basics of GIS. It examines what GIS can and can’t do, GIS data formats (vector, raster, imagery), and basic GIS functions, including analysis, map production/cartography, and data modeling. It presents a series of real-life case studies that illustrate the GIS concepts discussed in each chapter. These case studies supply readers with an understanding of the applicability of GIS to the full disaster management cycle. Providing equal treatment to each disaster management cycle phase, the book supplies disaster management practitioners and students with coverage of the latest developments in GIS for disaster management and emerging trends. It takes a learning-by-examples approach to help readers apply what they have learned from the examples and disaster management scenarios to their specific situations.The book illustrates how GIS technology can help disaster management professionals, public policy makers, and decision-makers at the town, county, state, federal, and international levels. Offering software-neutral best practices, this book is suitable for use in undergraduate- or graduate-level disaster management courses. Offering extensive career advice on GIS for disaster management from working professionals, the book also includes a GIS for disaster management research agenda and ideas for staying current in the field.

Zielgruppe

GIS/spatial technology professionals, emergency management professionals, GIS consultants, and students in emergency management and GIS and public policy programs.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Tomaszewski, Brian

Inhaltsverzeichnis

A Survey of GIS for Disaster ManagementChapter Objectives Introduction GIS and Geographical ContextGIS and Situation Awareness The Problem: Continued Need for GIS in Disaster Management Scale, Scope, and Intensity of DisastersCase Study: Burkina Faso—Disasters in the Developing WorldThe Need for Improved Coordination, Sharing, and Interoperability Problems of GIS Awareness in Disaster Management The Opportunity: Increased Awareness and Advocacy of GIS and Mapping Crisis Mapping Interview with Dr. Jen Ziemke, Cofounder and Codirector of the International Network of Crisis Mappers Spatial Thinking and Disaster ManagementChapter Summary Discussion QuestionsReferencesFundamentals of Geographic Information and MapsChapter Objectives IntroductionData vs. InformationScale Three Ways of Representing Map Scale Large- vs. Small-Scale Maps Why Scale Matters: Detail and Accuracy Map Projections Coordinate SystemsUniversal Transverse Mercator Coordinate SystemState Plane Coordinate (SPC) SystemDatumsReference Ellipsoids Control Points The Importance of Datums Coordinate Systems: The Whole PictureBasic Principles of CartographyMapping Principles Data MeasurementVisual Variables Figure and Ground Relationships Map Types: Reference and Thematic Reference Maps Thematic MapsSummaryDesigning Usable Maps in a GIS Context Common Examples of Poorly Made Maps Created with a GISInterview with Dr. Anthony C. Robinson Chapter Summary Discussion QuestionsResources Principles of Mapping Geodesy (including datums and reference ellipsoids) History of Cartography Basics of Statistical Data Classification for MapsDesigning Good Maps in a GIS ContextMap Color ReferencesGeographic Information Systems Chapter Objectives IntroductionWhat Is GIS? Organizing the World Geographically: Map Layers What Can You Do (and Not Do) with GIS Software? Data and Spatial Asset Management Analysis GIS Programming Modeling Cartography, Visualization, and Map Production Geocoding Limitations of GISUnderstanding GIS Data ModelsVector Models Raster GIS Metadata Specific GIS Technology GIS Technology Platforms and Disaster Management ArcGISGoogle Maps and Other Google Geospatial TechnologyQGIS Other Commercial, Free, and Open-Source or Openly Available GIS Technologies OpenStreetMap Other GIS Technologies Free and Open-Source Datasets Relevant to Disaster Management How to Choose the Right GIS Technology for Disaster Management Getting Started with GIS Technology and GIS Technology Configuration Ideas Chapter SummaryDiscussion Questions Resources References Disaster Management and Geographic Information SystemsChapter ObjectivesIntroduction Disaster Management Cycle Terms: Emergency, Disaster, Crisis, and Catastrophe Disaster Management Cycle Role of GIS within Disaster Management Policy and Practice Policy in the United States: The National Incident Management System (NIMS) Incident Command System (ICS) United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Geospatial Concept of Operations (GeoCONO PS) United States National Spatial Data Infrastructure Local Government: Cities, Towns, and Counties County GIS: Interview with Mr. Scott McCarty State National FEMA GIS and Other US Federal Agencies Non-US Federal-Level Disaster Management: Interview with Dr. Michael JudexPrivate Sector Private Sector Perspective: Interview with Alan Leidner International Disaster Management Community and GIS Nongovernmental OrganizationsMapAction Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT )Crisis Mappers GISCorpsInternational Disaster Management Support Mechanisms International Charter on Space and Major Disasters Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System (GDACS) World Bank GFDRRUnited NationsOffice for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: ReliefWeb UN-SPIDER UN-SPIDER Perspectives: Interview with Antje Hecheltjen GIS, Disaster Management, and the United Nations: Interview with Dr. Jörg Szarzynski Chapter Summary Discussion Questions and Activities Resources References Geographic Information Systems and Disaster Planning and Preparedness Chapter Objectives Introduction Technology and Dataset Planning and Preparation Essential Disaster Management Map Layers Additional Sources of Ideas for Essential Disaster Management Map Layers Department of Homeland Security Geospatial Data ModelTechnology Planning and Preparation Organizational Perspectives Using GIS to Support Planning and Preparation Activities Spatial Perspectives on Broader Planning and Preparation Activities Common GIS Tasks for Disaster Planning and Preparation Activities Evacuation Route PlanningEvacuation Zone Planning Scenario Modeling to Answer What-If Questions Public Outreach and Citizen Participation GIS and Disaster Management Planning: A United Nations Perspective Interview with Lóránt Czárán Summary Discussion Questions and Activities ResourcesReferences Geographic Information Systems and Disaster Response Chapter Objectives IntroductionDisaster Response Policy in the United StatesGeographical Aspects of Situation Awareness Maps and Emergency Operation Centers GIS and Disaster Warnings Spatial Data Deluge Hot Spot Mapping Density Mapping Real-Time GISDisaster Response GIS ProductsOnline Disaster Response Geographic Data Streams GIS and Damage Assessment Field Data Collection and Mobile GISPublic and Disaster Response Mapping: Crisis Mapping and Citizen Reporting Chapter Summary Discussion Questions and ActivitiesResourcesReferencesGeographic Information Systems and Disaster Recovery Chapter Objectives Introduction Geographical Aspects of Disaster Recovery Using GIS to Support Disaster Recovery Tasks Geocollaboration Restoring Critical InfrastructureDebris CleanupRecovery Planning Transition from Recovery to MitigationInterview with David Alexander: US Federal Government Geospatial Technology Leaderand Expert Chapter Summary Discussion Questions and ActivitiesResources ReferencesGeographic Information Systems and Disaster Mitigation Chapter Objectives Introduction VulnerabilityResilience Disaster Mitigation Policy and International Perspectives on GISThe United States National Mitigation FrameworkInternational Perspectives on Disaster Mitigation: UNISDR GIS Techniques for Disaster MitigationSpatial Indexing and Modeling of Risk and Vulnerability Social Variables Physical Variables Using GIS to Develop Spatial Indexes of Vulnerability and Risk Chapter Summary Discussion Questions and ActivitiesResources ReferencesSpecial Topics Chapter ObjectivesIntroductionSpecial TopicsVisual Analytics Big Data and Disaster ManagementSerious Games for GIS and Disaster ManagementGeographic Information Science and Disaster Management The Future of GIS for Disaster ManagementInterviewsJen Zimeke, PhD, Crisis Mappers (Chapter 1, Specialty: Crisis Mapping) Anthony Robinson, PhD, Penn State (Chapter 2, Specialty: Cartography) Alan Leidner, Booz Allen Hamilton (Chapter 4, Specialty: XXX) Antje Hecheltjen, UN-SPIDER (Chapter 4, Specialty: XXX) Michael Judex, PhD, German Federal Office of Civil Protection and DisasterAssistance (Chapter 4, Specialty: XXX) Scott McCarty, Monroe County GIS (Chapter 4, Specialty: XXX) Lóránt Czárán, United Nations Cartographic Section and Office for Outer SpaceAffairs (Chapter 5, Specialty: XXX) David Alexander, US Federal Government (Chapter 7, Specialty: XXX) Research AgendaDeveloping a GIS for Disaster Management CareerInterviews Alan Leidner (Chapter 4) Antje Hecheltjen (Chapter 4) Michael Judex, PhD (Chapter 4) Scott McCarty (Chapter 4) Jörg Szarzynski, PhD (Chapter 4) Lóránt Czárán (Chapter 5) David Alexander (Chapter 7) GIS for Disaster Management Career Summary Points Staying Current in the GIS for Disaster Management Field Organizations Conferences Journals and MagazinesTraining and Education Volunteer Opportunities Chapter Summary Discussion Questions and Activities Resources References

Über Autor(innen)

Brian Tomaszewski PhD is a geographic information scientist with research interests in the domains of geographic information science and technology, geographic visualization, spatial thinking, and disaster management. His published research on geographic information systems (GIS) and disaster management related topics has appeared in top scientific journals and conferences such as Information Visualization, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Computers and Geosciences, the IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology, and The Cartographic Journal. He also regularly publishes in popular GIS trade magazines such as ArcUser and ArcNews. He also is also as a scientific committee member for the Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM) conference. Dr. Tomaszewski's relevant experience includes past work with internationally focused organizations interested in GIS and disaster management such as the United Nations Office for the Coordination for Humanitarian Affairs (UN-OCHA) ReliefWeb service, United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs Platform for Space-Based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response (UN-SPIDER), and United Nations Global Pulse. He also served as a visiting research scientist with the United Nations Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) in Bonn, Germany. He mentored and instructed multidisciplinary GIS for disaster management student research groups via the National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded Science Master’s Program (SMP) titled Decision Support Technologies for Environmental Forecasting and Disaster Response at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT). His research on geospatial technology educational development and spatial thinking in Rwanda has been supported by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (UK-DFID) and he is actively involved in other funded computing research activities in Rwanda. Brian is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Information Sciences and Technologies at the Rochester Institute of Technology. He holds a PhD in geography from the Pennsylvania State University. For more information, visit: http://people.rit.edu/bmtski/.