Imaging Radar for Resources Surveys

Erscheinungsjahr 2011
ISBN: 978-94-010-8314-0
Verlag: Springer

Buch, Englisch, 328 Seiten, Format (B × H): 155 mm x 235 mm, Gewicht: 511 g

Reihe: Remote Sensing Applications

The use of air photographs as an aid to understanding and mapping natural resources has long been an established technique. The advent of satellite imagery was, and indeed by many still is, regarded as a very high altitude air photograph, but with the introduction of digital techniques the full analysis of imagery has become very sophisticated. Radar imagery presents the resource scientist with a new imaging technique that has to be understood and used, a technique which, although in many respects still in its infancy, has considerable applications potential for resources studies. Remote sensing now forms an element in study courses in the earth sciences in many major universities and a number of universities offer specialist post-graduate courses in remote sensing. Nevertheless there are a large number of earth scientists already working with imagery who have progressed from the air photograph base to satellite imagery. Such scientists may find themselves confronted with microwave or radar imagery or wish to use the imagery for surveys and find themselves hindered by a lack of understanding of the differences between radar imagery and optical imagery. Unfortunately reference to much of the literature will not be of very great help, many excellent text books on the theory and interaction of microwaves, on instrument design and construction and on the research carried out on specific target types exist, most of these are however written for specialists who are usually physicists not earth scientists.

Zielgruppe

Research

Autoren/Hrsg.

Trevett, J. W.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 An introduction to imaging radar.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 The electromagnetic spectrum.- 1.3 Radar systems.- 1.4 Basic instrumentation.- References.- 2 System parameters.- 2.1 Wavelength.- 2.2 Polarization.- 2.3 Resolution.- 2.4 Radar geometry.- References.- 3 Target parameters.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Backscattering.- 3.3 Point targets.- 3.4 Volume scatterers.- 3.5 Penetration.- 3.6 Reflection.- 3.7 Bragg resonance.- 3.8 Cross swath variations and surface envelope.- 3.9 Speckle.- References.- 4 Image processing.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Real aperture radars.- 4.3 SAR optical processing.- 4.4 The Doppler principle and processing.- 4.5 Electronic processing.- References.- 5 Radargrammetry.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Mosaicing.- 5.3 Stereoscopy.- References.- 6 Project planning and field studies.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Justification for the survey.- 6.3 Flying operations.- 6.4 Data collection.- 6.5 Interpretation.- 7 Airborne systems.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Real time SLARS.- 7.3 Commercial operational radars.- 7.4 Advanced experimental systems.- 8 Geological interpretation.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 System parameters.- 8.3 Target parameters.- 8.4 Stereoscopy and slopes.- 8.5 Drainage.- 8.6 Lineaments.- 8.7 Digital analysis.- 8.8 Venezuela.- 8.9 Pro-radam.- 8.10 The Radam project.- 8.11 Nicaragua.- 8.12 Conclusion.- References.- 9 Application in forestry.- 9.1 General.- 9.2 Type of survey.- 9.3 Mapping units and interpretation.- 9.4 The value of radar for forestry.- 9.5 Pro-radam — Colombian Amazon (1973–1979).- 9.6 The land use and vegetation survey of Nigeria.- 9.7 Nicaragua and Brazil.- 9.8 Detailed mapping.- 9.9 Conclusions.- References.- 10 Land use.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 The requirements for land use.- 10.3 Models.- 10.4 Image interpretation 1.- 10.5 Imageinterpretation 2.- 10.6 The potential for land use.- References.- 11 Satellite systems.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Seasat.- 11.3 Shuttle imaging radar — SIR-A.- 11.4 SIR-B.- References.- 12 Future trends and research.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Airborne SARS.- 12.3 Spaceborne radars.- 12.4 The potential in resources studies.- 12.5 The problems.- 12.6 Economics.- Reference.- 1 Microwave remote sensing — general papers.- 2 Geology.- 3 Forestry and land use.- 4 Radar mapping.- 5 Speckle and speckle reduction.