Liebe Besucherinnen und Besucher,
aufgrund unseres Sommerfestes sind wir am 03. September 2026 bis 14 Uhr erreichbar. Am 04. September 2026 sind wir wieder wie gewohnt für Sie da. Vielen Dank für Ihr Verständnis.
Ihr Team von Sack Fachmedien
Buch, Englisch, 704 Seiten, Format (B × H): 182 mm x 252 mm, Gewicht: 1382 g
ISBN: 978-0-470-82397-2
Verlag: Wiley
More energy from the sun strikes Earth in an hour than is consumed by humans in an entire year. Efficiently harnessing solar power for sustainable generation of hydrogen requires low-cost, purpose-built, functional materials combined with inexpensive large-scale manufacturing methods. These issues are comprehensively addressed in On Solar Hydrogen & Nanotechnology – an authoritative, interdisciplinary source of fundamental and applied knowledge in all areas related to solar hydrogen. Written by leading experts, the book emphasizes state-of-the-art materials and characterization techniques as well as the impact of nanotechnology on this cutting edge field. - Addresses the current status and prospects of solar hydrogen, including major achievements, performance benchmarks, technological limitations, and crucial remaining challenges
- Covers the latest advances in fundamental understanding and development in photocatalytic reactions, semiconductor nanostructures and heterostructures, quantum confinement effects, device fabrication, modeling, simulation, and characterization techniques as they pertain to solar generation of hydrogen
- Assesses and establishes the present and future role of solar hydrogen in the hydrogen economy
- Contains numerous graphics to illustrate concepts, techniques, and research results
On Solar Hydrogen & Nanotechnology is an essential reference for materials scientists, physical and inorganic chemists, electrochemists, physicists, and engineers carrying out research on solar energy, photocatalysis, or semiconducting nanomaterials, both in academia and industry. It is also an invaluable resource for graduate students and postdoctoral researchers as well as business professionals and consultants with an interest in renewable energy.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
- Technische Wissenschaften Energietechnik | Elektrotechnik Alternative und erneuerbare Energien
- Technische Wissenschaften Energietechnik | Elektrotechnik Geothermale Energie
- Technische Wissenschaften Energietechnik | Elektrotechnik Windkraftanlagen, Wasserkraftanlagen
- Technische Wissenschaften Energietechnik | Elektrotechnik Biogasanlagen, Energie aus Biomasse
- Technische Wissenschaften Energietechnik | Elektrotechnik Solarenergie, Photovoltaik
Weitere Infos & Material
List of Contributors xvii
Preface xix
Editor Biography xxiii
Part One—fundamentals, Modeling, and Experimental Investigation of Photocatalytic Reactions for Direct Solar Hydrogen Generation
1 Solar Hydrogen Production by Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: The Promise and Challenge 3
Eric L. Miller
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Hydrogen or Hype? 4
1.3 Solar Pathways to Hydrogen 5
1.3.1 The Solar Resource 5
1.3.2 Converting Sunlight 6
1.3.3 Solar-Thermal Conversion 7
1.3.4 Solar-Potential Conversion 8
1.3.5 Pathways to Hydrogen 9
1.4 Photoelectrochemical Water-Splitting 10
1.4.1 Photoelectrochemistry 10
1.4.2 PEC Water-Splitting Reactions 10
1.4.3 Solar-to-Hydrogen Conversion Efficiency 13
1.4.4 Fundamental Process Steps 14
1.5 The Semiconductor/Electrolyte Interface 14
1.5.1 Rectifying Junctions 14
1.5.2 A Solid-State Analogy: The np þ Junction 15
1.5.3 PEC Junction Formation 17
1.5.4 Illuminated Characteristics 19
1.5.5 Fundamental Process Steps 20
1.6 Photoelectrode Implementations 23
1.6.1 Single-Junction Performance Limits 23
1.6.2 Multijunction Performance Limits 24
1.6.3 A Shining Example 27
1.7 The PEC Challenge 28
1.7.1 What’s Needed, Really? 28
1.7.2 Tradeoffs and Compromises 29
1.7.3 The Race with PV-Electrolysis 29
1.8 Facing the Challenge: Current PEC Materials Research 29
Acknowledgments 32
References 32
2 Modeling and Simulation of Photocatalytic Reactions at TiO 2 Surfaces 37
Hideyuki Kamisaka and Koichi Yamashita
2.1 Importance of Theoretical Studies on TiO 2 Systems 37
2.2 Doped TiO 2 Systems: Carbon and Niobium Doping 39
2.2.1 First-Principle Calculations on TiO 2 39
2.2.2 C-Doped TiO 2 41
2.2.3 Nb-Doped TiO 2 45
2.3 Surface Hydroxyl Groups and the Photoinduced Hydrophilicity of TiO 2 51
2.3.1 Speculated Active Species on TiO 2 – Superoxide Anion (O 2) and the Hydroxyl Radical (OH) 51
2.3.2 Theoretical Calculations of TiO 2 Surfaces and Adsorbents 51
2.3.3 Surface Hydroxyl Groups and Photoinduced Hydrophilic Conversion 53
2.4 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 58
2.4.1 Conventional Sensitizers: Ruthenium Compounds and Organic Dyes 58
2.4.2 Multiexciton Generation in Quantum Dots: A Novel Sensitizer for a DSSC 59
2.4.3 Theoretical Estimation of the Decoherence Time between the Electronic States in PbSe QDs 60
2.5 Future Directions: Ab Initio Simulations and the Local Excited States on TiO 2 63
2.5.1 Improvement of the DFT Functional 64
2.5.2 Molecular Mechanics and Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics 65
2.5.3 Description of Local Excited States 66
2.5.4 Nonadiabatic Behavior of a System and Interfacial Electron Transfer 67
Acknowledgments 68
References 68
3 Photocatalytic Reactions on Model Single Crystal TiO 2 Surfaces 77
G.I.N. Waterhouse and H. Idriss
3.1 TiO 2 Single-Crystal Surfaces 78
3.2 Photoreactions Over Semiconductor Surfaces 80
3.3 Ethanol Reactions Over TiO 2 (110) Surface 81
3.4 Photocatalysis and Structure Sensitivity 83
3.5 Hydrogen Production from Ethanol Over Au/TiO 2 Catalysts 84
3.6 Conclusions 87
References 87
4 Fundamental Reactions on Rutile TiO 2 (110) Model Photocatalysts Studied by High-Resolution Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 91
Stefan Wendt, Ronnie T. Vang, and Flemming Besenbacher
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Geometric Structure and Defects of the Rutile TiO 2 (110) Surface 93
4.3 Reactions of Water with Oxygen Vacancies 96
4.4 Splitting of Paired H Adatoms and Other Reactions Observed on Partly Water Covered TiO 2 (110) 98
4.5 O 2 Dissociation and the Role of Ti Interstitials 101
4.6 Intermediate Steps of the Reaction Between O 2 and H Adatoms and the Role of Coadsorbed Water 106
4.7 Bonding of Gold Nanoparticles on TiO 2 (110) in Different Oxidation States 112
4.8 Summary and Outlook 115
References 117
Part Two—electronic Structure, Energetics, And Transport Dynamics of Photocatalyst Nanostructures
5 Electronic Structure Study of Nanostructured Transition Metal Oxides Using Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy 125
Jinghua Guo, Per-Anders Glans, Yi-Sheng Liu, and Chinglin Chang
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy 126
5.2.1 Soft X-Ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy 126
5.2.2 Resonantly Excited Soft X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy 127
5.3 Experiment Set-Up 127
5.3.1 Beamline 128
5.3.2 Spectrometer and Endstation 129
5.3.3 Sample Arrangements 131
5.4 Results and Discussion 132
Acknowledgments 139
References 139
6 X-ray and Electron Spectroscopy Studies of Oxide Semiconductors for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production 143
Clemens Heske, Lothar Weinhardt, and Marcus B€ar
6.1 Introduction 143
6.2 Soft X-Ray and Electron Spectroscopies 145
6.3 Electronic Surface-Level Positions of WO 3 Thin Films 147
6.3.1 Introduction 147
6.3.2 Sample Handling and the Influence of X-Rays, UV-Light and Low-Energy Electrons on the Properties of the WO 3 Surface 147
6.3.3 Surface Band Edge Positions in Vacuum – Determination with UPS/IPES 149
6.3.4 Estimated Surface Band-Edge Positions in Electrolyte 151
6.3.5 Conclusions 153
6.4 Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy of ZnO:Zn 3 N 2 Thin Films 154
6.4.1 Introduction 154
6.4.2 The O K XES Spectrum of ZnO:N Thin Films – Determination of the Valence Band Maximum 154
6.4.3 The Impact of Air Exposure on the Chemical Structure of ZnO:N Thin Films 155
6.4.4 Conclusions 157
6.5 In Situ Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy: A Brief Outlook 158
6.6 Summary 158
Acknowledgments 159
References 159
7 Applications of X-Ray Transient Absorption Spectroscopy in Photocatalysis for Hydrogen Generation 163
Lin X. Chen
7.1 Introduction 163
7.2 X-Ray Transient Absorption Spectroscopy (XTA) 165
7.3 Tracking Electronic and Nuclear Configurations in Photoexcited Metalloporphyrins 171
7.4 Tracking Metal-Center Oxidation States in the MLCT State of Metal Complexes 176
7.5 Tracking Transient Metal Oxidation States During Hydrogen Generation 178
7.6 Prospects and Challenges in Future Studies 180
Acknowledgments 181
References 181
8 Fourier-Transform Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Pure and Doped TiO 2 Photocatalysts 189
Lars Österlund
8.1 Introduction 189
8.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy on TiO 2 Photocatalysts: Experimental Considerations 191
8.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Pure and Doped TiO 2 Nanoparticles 195
8.4 Gas–Solid Photocatalytic Reactions Probed by FTIR Spectroscopy 199
8.5 Model Gas–Solid Reactions on Pure and Doped TiO 2 Nanoparticles Studied by FTIR Spectroscopy 205
8.5.1 Reactions with Formic Acid 205
8.5.2 Reactions with Acetone 221
8.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks 229
Acknowledgments 230
References 230
9 Interfacial Electron Transfer Reactions in CdS Quantum Dot Sensitized TiO 2 Nanocrystalline Electrodes 239
Yasuhiro Tachibana
9.1 Introduction 239
9.2 Nanomaterials 240
9.2.1 Semiconductor Quantum Dots 240
9.2.2 Metal Oxide Nanocrystalline Semiconductor Films 241
9.2.3 QD Sensitized Metal Oxide Semiconductor Films 242
9.3 Transient Absorption Spectroscopy 245
9.3.1 Principle 245
9.3.2 Calculation of Absorption Difference 245
9.3.3 System Arrangement 246
9.4 Controlling Interfacial Electron Transfer Reactions by Nanomaterial Design 247
9.4.1 QD/Metal-Oxide Interface 248
9.4.2 QD/Electrolyte Interface 250
9.4.3 Conducting Glass/Electrolyte Interface 252
9.5 Application of QD-Sensitized Metal-Oxide Semiconductors to Solar Hydrogen Production 258
9.6 Conclusion 260
Acknowledgments 260
References 260
Part Three—development of Advanced Nanostructures For Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production From Classical Large Bandgap Semiconductors
10 Ordered Titanium Dioxide Nanotubular Arrays as Photoanodes for Hydrogen Generation 267
M. Misra and K.S. Raja
10.1 Introduction 267
10.2 Crystal Structure of TiO 2 268
10.2.1 Electronic and Defect Structure of TiO 2 269
10.2.2 Preparation of TiO 2 Nanotubes 272
10.2.3 Energetics of Photodecomposition of Water on TiO 2 279
References 288
11 Electrodeposition of Nanostructured ZnO Films and Their Photoelectrochemical Properties 291
Torsten Oekermann
11.1 Introduction 291
11.2 Fundamentals of Electrochemical Deposition 292
11.3 Electrodeposition of Metal Oxides and Other Compounds 294
11.4 Electrodeposition of Zinc Oxide 295
11.4.1 Electrodeposition of Pure ZnO 295
11.4.2 Electrodeposition of Doped ZnO 297
11.4.3 P-n-Junctions Based on Electrodeposited ZnO 298
11.5 Electrodeposition of One- and Two-Dimensional ZnO Nanostructures 298
11.5.1 ZnO Nanorods 298
11.5.2 ZnO Nanotubes 301
11.5.3 Two-Dimensional ZnO Nanostructures 302
11.6 Use of Additives in ZnO Electrodeposition 303
11.6.1 Dye Molecules as Structure-Directing Additives 303
11.6.2 ZnO Electrodeposition with Surfactants 307
11.6.3 Other Additives 311
11.7 Photoelectrochemical and Photovoltaic Properties 312
11.7.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) 312
11.7.2 Photoelectrochemical Investigation of the Electron Transport in Porous ZnO Films 316
11.7.3 Performance of Nanoporous Electrodeposited ZnO Films in DSSCs 320
11.7.4 Use of ZnO Nanorods in Photovoltaics 321
11.8 Photocatalytic Properties 322
11.9 Outlook 323
References 323
12 Nanostructured Thin-Film WO 3 Photoanodes for Solar Water and Sea-Water Splitting 333
Bruce D. Alexander and Jan Augustynski
12.1 Historical Context 333
12.2 Macrocrystalline WO 3 Films 334
12.3 Limitations of Macroscopic WO 3 336
12.4 Nanostructured Films 336
12.5 Tailoring WO 3 Films Through a Modified Chimie Douce Synthetic Route 339
12.6 Surface Reactions at Nanocrystalline WO 3 Electrodes 342
12.7 Conclusions and Outlook 345
References 346
13 Nanostructured a-Fe 2 O 3 in PEC Generation of Hydrogen 349
Vibha R. Satsangi, Sahab Dass, and Rohit Shrivastav
13.1 Introduction 349
13.2 a-Fe 2 O 3 350
13.2.1 Structural and Electrical/Electronic Properties 350
13.2.2 a-Fe 2 O 3 in PEC Splitting of Water 351
13.3 Nanostructured a-Fe 2 O 3 Photoelectrodes 352
13.3.1 Preparation Techniques and Photoelectrochemical Response 353
13.3.2 Flatband Potential and Donor Density 365
13.4 Strategies to Enhance Photoresponse 368
13.4.1 Doping 368
13.4.2 Choice of Electrolytes 373
13.4.3 Dye Sensitizers 374
13.4.4 Porosity 375
13.4.5 Forward/Backward Illumination 375
13.4.6 Loading of Metal/Metal Oxide 377
13.4.7 Layered Structures 377
13.4.8 Deposition of Zn Islands 380
13.4.9 Swift Heavy Ion (SHI) Irradiation 382
13.4.10 p/n Assemblies 385
13.5 Efficiency and Hydrogen Production 386
13.6 Concluding Remarks 388
Acknowledgments 393
References 393
Part Four—new Design and Approaches to Bandgap Profiling and Visible-light-active Nanostructures
14 Photoelectrocatalyst Discovery Using High-Throughput Methods and Combinatorial Chemistry 401
Alan Kleiman-Shwarsctein, Peng Zhang, Yongsheng Hu, and Eric W. McFarland
14.1 Introduction 401
14.2 The Use of High-Throughput and Combinatorial Methods for the Discovery and Optimization of Photoelectrocatalyst Material Systems 402
14.2.1 The Use of High-Throughput and Combinatorial Methods in Materials Science 402
14.2.2 HTE Applications to PEC Discovery 405
14.2.3 Absorbers 408
14.2.4 Bulk Carrier Transport 411
14.2.5 Electrocatalysts 412
14.2.6 Morphology and Material System 412
14.2.7 Library Format, Data Management and Analysis 414
14.3 Practical Methods of High-Throughput Synthesis of Photoelectrocatalysts 415
14.3.1 Vapor Deposition 416
14.3.2 Liquid Phase Synthesis 417
14.3.3 Electrochemical Synthesis 419
14.3.4 Spray Pyrolysis 422
14.4 Photocatalyst Screening and Characterization 423
14.4.1 High-Throughput Screening 424
14.4.2 Secondary Screening and Quantitative Characterization 432
14.5 Specific Examples of High-Throughput Methodology Applied to Photoelectrocatalysts 437
14.5.1 Solar Absorbers 437
14.5.2 Improving Charge-Transfer Efficiency 443
14.5.3 Improved PEC Electrocatalysts 448
14.5.4 Design and Assembly of a Complete Nanostructured Photocatalytic Unit 451
14.6 Summary and Outlook 453
References 454
15 Multidimensional Nanostructures for Solar Water Splitting: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications 459
Abraham Wolcott and Jin Z. Zhang
15.1 Motivation for Developing Metal-Oxide Nanostructures 459
15.1.1 Introduction 459
15.1.2 PEC Water Splitting for Hydrogen Production 460
15.1.3 Metal-Oxide PEC Cells 460
15.1.4 Dye and QD Sensitization 462
15.1.5 Deposition Techniques for Metal Oxides 462
15.2 Colloidal Methods for 0D Metal-Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis 463
15.2.1 Colloidal Nanoparticles 463
15.2.2 TiO 2 Sol-Gel Synthesis 464
15.2.3 TiO 2 Hydrothermal Synthesis 465
15.2.4 TiO 2 Solvothermal and Sonochemical Synthesis 466
15.2.5 TiO 2 Template-Driven Synthesis 468
15.2.6 Sol-Gel WO 3 Colloidal Synthesis 470
15.2.7 WO 3 Hydrothermal Synthesis 470
15.2.8 WO 3 Solvothermal and Sonochemical Synthesis 470
15.2.9 WO 3 Template Driven Synthesis 471
15.2.10 ZnO Sol-Gel Nanoparticle Synthesis 473
15.2.11 ZnO Hydrothermal Synthesis 474
15.2.12 ZnO Solvothermal and Sonochemical Synthesis 475
15.2.13 ZnO Template-Driven Synthesis 479
15.3 1D Metal-Oxide Nanostructures 481
15.3.1 Colloidal Synthesis and Fabrication 481
15.3.2 Synthesis and Fabrication of 1D TiO 2 Nanostructures 481
15.3.3 Colloidal Synthesis and Fabrication of 1D WO 3 Nanostructures 486
15.3.4 Colloidal Synthesis and Fabrication of 1D ZnO Nanostructures 487
15.4 2D Metal-Oxide Nanostructures 488
15.4.1 Colloidal Synthesis of 2D TiO 2 Nanostructures 488
15.4.2 Colloidal Synthesis of 2D WO 3 Nanostructures 490
15.4.3 Colloidal Synthesis of 2D ZnO Nanostructures 491
15.5 Conclusion 492
Acknowledgments 493
References 493
16 Nanoparticle-Assembled Catalysts for Photochemical Water Splitting 507
Frank E. Osterloh
16.1 Introduction 507
16.2 Two-Component Catalysts 509
16.2.1 Synthetic and Structural Aspects 509
16.2.2 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution 511
16.2.3 Peroxide Formation 513
16.2.4 Water Electrolysis 515
16.3 CdSe Nanoribbons as a Quantum-Confined Water-Splitting Catalyst 516
16.4 Conclusion and Outlook 518
Acknowledgment 519
References 519
17 Quantum-Confined Visible-Light-Active Metal-Oxide Nanostructures for Direct Solar-to-Hydrogen Generation 523
Lionel Vayssieres
17.1 Introduction 523
17.2 Design of Advanced Semiconductor Nanostructures by Cost-Effective Technique 524
17.2.1 Concepts and Experimental Set-Up of Aqueous Chemical Growth 524
17.2.2 Achievements in Aqueous Design of Highly Oriented Metal-Oxide Arrays 528
17.3 Quantum Confinement Effects for Photovoltaics and Solar Hydrogen Generation 529
17.3.1 Multiple Exciton Generation 530
17.3.2 Quantum-Well Structures 531
17.3.3 Intermediate Band Materials 531
17.4 Novel Cost-Effective Visible-Light-Active (Hetero)Nanostructures for Solar Hydrogen Generation 533
17.4.1 Iron-Oxide Quantum-Rod Arrays 533
17.4.2 Doped Iron-Oxide Quantum-Rod Arrays 541
17.4.3 Quantum-Dot–Quantum-Rod Iron-Oxide Heteronanostructure Arrays 545
17.4.4 Iron Oxide Oriented Porous Nanostructures 546
17.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 548
References 548
18 Effects of Metal-Ion Doping, Removal and Exchange on Photocatalytic Activity of Metal Oxides and Nitrides for Overall Water Splitting 559
Yasunobu Inoue
18.1 Introduction 559
18.2 Experimental Procedures 561
18.3 Effects of Metal Ion Doping 561
18.3.1 Sr 2 þ Ion-Doped CeO 2 561
18.3.2 Metal-Ion Doped GaN 564
18.4 Effects of Metal-Ion Removal 569
18.5 Effects of Metal-Ion Exchange on Photocatalysis 573
18.5.1 Y X in 2 X O 3 573
18.5.2 Sc X in 2 X O 3 580
18.5.3 Y X in 2 X Ge 2 O 7 582
18.6 Effects of Zn Addition to Indate and Stannate 583
18.6.1 li 1.6 Zn 1.6 Sn 2.8 O 8 584
18.6.2 Ba 3 Zn 5 In 2 O 11 584
18.7 Conclusions 585
Acknowledgments 586
References 586
19 Supramolecular Complexes as Photoinitiated Electron Collectors: Applications in Solar Hydrogen Production 589
Shamindri M. Arachchige and Karen J. Brewer
19.1 Introduction 589
19.1.1 Solar Water Splitting 589
19.1.2 Supramolecular Complexes and Photochemical Molecular Devices 590
19.1.3 Polyazine Light Absorbers 591
19.1.4 Polyazine Bridging Ligands to Construct Photochemical Molecular Devices 594
19.1.5 Multi-Component System for Visible Light Reduction of Water 595
19.1.6 Photoinitiated Charge Separation 596
19.2 Supramolecular Complexes for Photoinitiated Electron Collection 598
19.2.1 Photoinitiated Electron Collection on a Bridging Ligand 598
19.2.2 Ruthenium Polyazine Light Absorbers Coupled Through an Aromatic Bridging Ligand 600
19.2.3 Photoinitiated Electron Collection on a Platinum Metal 602
19.2.4 Two-Electron Mixed-Valence Complexes for Multielectron Photochemistry 604
19.2.5 Rhodium-Centered Electron Collectors 605
19.2.6 Mixed-Metal Systems for Solar Hydrogen Production 613
19.3 Conclusions 614
List of Abbreviations 616
Acknowledgments 616
References 617
Part Five—new Devices for Solar Thermal Hydrogen Generation
20 Novel Monolithic Reactors for Solar Thermochemical Water Splitting 623
Athanasios G. Konstandopoulos and Souzana Lorentzou
20.1 Introduction 623
20.1.1 Energy Production and Nanotechnology 623
20.1.2 Application of Solar Technologies 624
20.2 Solar Hydrogen Production 624
20.2.1 Solar Hydrogen Production: Thermochemical Processes 625
20.2.2 Solar Chemical Reactors 626
20.3 HYDROSOL Reactor 627
20.3.1 The Idea 627
20.3.2 Redox Materials 627
20.3.3 Water Splitting: Laboratory Tests 629
20.3.4 HYDROSOL Reactors 630
20.3.5 Solar Testing 631
20.3.6 Simulation 633
20.3.7 Future Developments 636
20.4 HYDROSOL Process 636
20.5 Conclusions 637
Acknowledgments 638
References 638
21 Solar Thermal and Efficient Solar Thermal/Electrochemical Photo Hydrogen Generation 641
Stuart Licht
21.1 Comparison of Solar Hydrogen Processes 641
21.2 STEP (Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo) Generation of H 2 646
21.3 STEP Theory 648
21.4 STEP Experiment: Efficient Solar Water Splitting 653
21.5 NonHybrid Solar Thermal Processes 657
21.5.1 Direct Solar Thermal Hydrogen Generation 657
21.5.2 Indirect (Multistep) Solar Thermal H 2 Generation 659
21.6 Conclusions 660
References 661
Index 665
