Buch, Englisch, 400 Seiten, Gewicht: 1043 g
Buch, Englisch, 400 Seiten, Gewicht: 1043 g
ISBN: 978-1-394-42644-7
Verlag: Wiley
Learn radar remote sensing from fundamental physics to planetary applications
As imaging radar satellites proliferate and applications expand from geophysical exploration to disaster mitigation, engineers and scientists need rigorous grounding in radar fundamentals. Introduction to Radar Remote Sensing delivers theory and practice from first principles, written by a National Academy of Engineering member who has contributed to NASA missions including NISAR, Voyager, and Cassini.
Starting with historical context, this book progresses through electromagnetic theory and radar modalities to modern imaging systems and their applications. These span Earth and planetary ocean, atmosphere, and solid Earth geophysics such as topographic mapping and surface deformation and change. The author derives all relations from original physical principles, making the material applicable beyond radar to any Earth observation system.
The book includes: - Comprehensive treatment of fundamental radar developments showing how each affects system performance across diverse environmental and planetary applications
- Environmental remote sensing techniques, for example tracking wave height and direction, atmospheric pollutants, and solid Earth geophysical phenomena
- Physical derivations from first principles enabling application of concepts to new observational systems beyond traditional radar configurations
- Coverage of the expanding international radar satellite constellation including the recently launched NASA NISAR mission and emerging applications
- Well-tested homework problems and solutions refined through twenty-five years of graduate-level instruction at Stanford University
Designed for graduate and senior undergraduate students in engineering programs, this book serves as the primary text for introductory remote sensing courses. Researchers transitioning into radar applications will find the physics-based approach provides the foundation needed to develop novel observational techniques and systems.
Autoren/Hrsg.
Fachgebiete
- Technische Wissenschaften Elektronik | Nachrichtentechnik Elektronik Sensorik
- Technische Wissenschaften Elektronik | Nachrichtentechnik Nachrichten- und Kommunikationstechnik
- Geowissenschaften Geographie | Raumplanung Geodäsie, Kartographie, GIS, Fernerkundung
- Mathematik | Informatik EDV | Informatik Informatik Bildsignalverarbeitung
Weitere Infos & Material
Contents
Preface
1 Introduction and Overview
1.1 Concepts and Origins
1.2 Modern Uses and Related Applications
2 Basic Radar Measurements
2.1 Wave Observables
2.2 Application of Wave Observables
2.3 Use of Time and Frequency Measurements in Simple Radars
2.3.1 Timing Measurements
2.3.2 Doppler Measurements
2.3.3 System Elements
2.4 Side-Looking Radar Concept: An Imaging Radar System
2.5 Basis for More Complex Systems
3 The Radar Equation
3.1 Radar Equation and Radar Cross Section
3.1.1 Radar Equation
3.1.2 Radar Cross Section
3.1.3 Antenna Gain, Aperture, and Far-Field
3.2 Monostatic Radar Equation
3.2.1 Definition and Dependence on Wavelength
3.2.2 Maximum Operating Range
3.3 Comparison of Radar Signals with Direct Path Signals
3.4 Typical values of Radar Cross Section
3.5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
3.5.1 Definition
3.5.2 A Model for Receiver Noise
3.5.3 Measuring Noise Levels
3.6 Noise in Circuits
3.6.1 Nyquist’s Law
3.6.2 Noise in Amplifiers
3.6.3 Dissipative Elements
3.7 The dB Table—A design tool
4 Radar Cross Section
4.1 RCS Parameters
4.1.1 RCS from Wave Intensity
4.1.2 Target Referenced Scattering Coordinates
4.1.3 Bistatic, Phase, and Scattering Angles
4.2 Geometric Optics Calculation of RCS.
4.2.1 Three Examples
4.2.2 Summary of RCS for Plane, Cylinder, and Sphere
4.2.3 Extensions of Geometric Optics RCS
4.2.4 Relationship between RCS and Physical Target Size
4.3 RCS Enhancement
4.3.1 Corner Reflectors
4.3.2 Radar Transponders
5 Practical Effects in Scattering
5.1 Phenomena
5.1.1 Internal Rays
5.1.2 Multiple Reflections
5.1.3 Bragg Scattering
5.1.4 ‘Creeping’ Waves
5.1.5 Diffraction and ‘Wave Optics’
5.1.6 Resonant Scattering Phenomena
5.1.7 Polarization Conversion
5.1.8 Natural Shapes and Artifacts
5.2 Interference Effects
5.2.1 Interference in Scattering from Large Objects
5.2.2 Two-Element Interference Geometry
5.3 Solution of the Grating Equation
5.3.1 Bistatic Scattering
5.3.2 Backscattering
5.3.3 RCS for the Two-Sphere Case
5.4 Scattering from Multiple Independent Objects
5.4.1 Example: Scattering from Five Points in a Plane
5.4.2 Strength of RCS for Multiple Scatterers
5.5 Results for a Large Number of Scatterers
5.5.1 Distribution of the Field Amplitude and Phase
5.5.2 Distribution of the RCS
5.5.3 Applicability of the Rayleigh Distribution
6 Antenna Parameters
6.1 Antenna Parameters
6.2 Aperture antennas
6.2.1 Beamwidth of Aperture Antennas
6.2.2 Pattern Dependence on Aperture Fields
6.2.3 Gain and Directivity of a Narrow Beam
6.3 Examples
6.3.1 Gain of Large Aperture Antennas
6.3.2 A Radar Example: The Big Dish ‘Looking’ at the Moon
6.4 Noise in Antennas
6.5 Natural Sources Characterized
6.5.1 Brightness
6.5.2 Blackbody Radiation
6.5.3 Antenna Temperature
6.5.4 Example Calculation of SNR
7 The Analytic Signal & Matched Filter Detection
7.1 The Analytic Signal
7.1.1 Definition of the Analytic Signal
7.1.2 The Hilbert Transform and the Analytic Signal
7.1.3 Analytic Signal Representation of Filters
7.2 Matched Filter Detection
8 Radar Detection
8.1 Detection and Estimation
8.1.1 Examples of Detection Problems
8.1.2 Examples of Estimation Problems
8.2 Radar Detection
8.2.1 Approach
8.2.2 Noise models
8.2.3 Signal Detectors
8.2.4 Received signal envelope as a function of time
8.3 Detection Criteria
8.3.1 Approach
8.3.2 Decision probabilities and the Neyman-Pearson criterion
8.4 Statistical representations of signals and noise
8.5 Representation of the Noise Waveform
8.6 Echo Signals in the Presence of Noise
8.7 Summary
9 A Detection Example and Other Considerations
9.1 A Detection Example
9.2 Use of Multiple Pulses & Incoherent Intergration
9.2.1 PDFs for averaged observations
9.3 Fluctuating Targets: Swerling Models
9.4 Example of a Corner Reflector in a Field
9.5 Summary of Detection: Main Points
10 Waveforms and Prototypical Systems
10.1 Continuous-Wave Radars
10.1.1 Continuous-Wave Bistatic
10.1.2 Continuous Wave Bistatic Doppler Radar
10.1.3 CW Monostatic Doppler Radar
10.2 Modulated Radars
10.2.1 Monostatic Pulsed Radars
10.2.2 Scanning Beam Pulse Systems
10.2.3 Range Resolution of Pulsed Radars
10.3 Range Ambiguity in Pulse Radars
10.3.1 Geometry and Timing of Range Measurements
10.3.2 Resolution of Ambiguous Range
10.3.3 Example of a Radar ‘Looking’ at the Moon
10.4 Comparison of Simple Pulse and Continuous Wave Radars
10.5 Velocity Measurement with a Pulse Radar
10.5.1 Randomly Gated Pulse Train
10.5.2 Coherent Pulse Train
10.5.3 A Simple Coherent Pulse Train Generator
10.5.4 Power Spectrum of Coherent Pulse Train
10.6 Frequency-Modulated, Continuous Wave Radar
10.6.1 Range-Rate Effects in FM-CW Systems
10.6.2 Range-Doppler Ambiguity in FM-CW Systems
10.7 Inferences from Properties of Simple Signals
11 Range-Doppler Imaging
11.1 Planetary imaging
11.1.1 Range rings
11.1.2 Doppler bins
11.1.3 Imaging – combining range and Doppler
11.1.4 North-south ambiguity
11.2 Measuring Doppler shifts
11.2.1 Doppler-phase relationship
11.3 Imaging algorithm
11.4 Mapping range/Doppler to location on the planet
11.5 Sampling effects
12 Swath-Imaging Radars
12.1 Imaging Geometry and Terminology
12.2 Side-looking geometry over a flat Earth
12.2.1 ‘Squint’ geometry
12.3 How to make an image
12.4 Range Resolution in Imaging Radars
12.5 Azimuth Resolution of Real Aperture Imaging Radars
12.6 Swath Width
12.7 Scattering from a surface
12.8 A Simple System Design
13 Range and Azimuth Processing
13.1 Range Processing
13.1.1 Fine resolution vs. high SNR
13.1.2 Range coding
13.1.3 The chirp waveform
13.1.4 Spectrum of a Chirp Waveform
13.1.5 Impulse response and sidelobe reduction
13.1.6 Data processor and algorithm
13.1.7 Offset video or I/Q detection
13.1.8 Implementing offset video and I/Q receivers
13.1.9 I/Q and offset video range processing algorithms
13.2 Along-track, or azimuth, resolution
13.2.1 Review: Real-aperture-radar (RAR)
13.2.2 Synthetic Aperture Processing
13.2.3 Number of computations needed to form an image
13.3 Range Migration Processing
13.4 Design and Performance of a SAR processor
14 Advanced Processing Topics
14.1 Moving Objects
14.2 Azimuth ambiguities
14.3 Range ambiguities
14.4 Squinted Geometries and Autofocus
14.5 Errors in the parameters fdc and frate
14.6 Autofocus algorithms, or how to determine the correct fdc and frate
15 Wave-Surface Interactions
15.1 Specific RCS: s0
15.2 Near-Normal Incidence Scattering: Facet models
15.3 Moderate Incidence Scattering: Perturbation models
15.4 Discrete Scatterer Models
15.5 Slope Modulation: Brightness effects from topography
15.6 Surface Roughness Variations
15.7 A distribution of discrete scatterers
15.8 Some Scattering “Laws”
15.8.1 Quasispecular scattering
15.8.2 Diffuse Scattering: Cosn Law
16 Polarimetric Radar Systems
16.1 Polarimetric Radars
16.2 Polarization definitions
16.3 Contrast Enhancement
16.4 Genera
