Adam Accelerating E-Mobility in Germany

A Case for Regulation
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-319-44884-8
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 107 Seiten, eBook

Reihe: SpringerBriefs in Law

This book tackles the problem of the insufficient and expensive charging infrastructure in Germany. It assesses the lack of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles with regard to regulatory and competition law, as well as economic aspects. The legal solutions proposed here could ultimately serve to offer e-motorists around the country highly efficient and competitively priced charging options.

Zielgruppe

Professional/practitioner

Autoren/Hrsg.

Adam, Markus

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Acknowledgement;7
2;Contents;8
3;Abbreviations;11
4;List of Figures;12
5;List of Tables;13
6;1 Electromobility—The Current State;14
6.1;1.1 Introduction;14
6.2;1.2 Legal Framework;15
6.2.1;1.2.1 National Measures;15
6.2.2;1.2.2 European Measures;17
6.2.2.1;1.2.2.1 Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions;17
6.2.2.2;1.2.2.2 Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources;18
6.2.2.3;1.2.2.3 Improving Energy Efficiency;19
6.3;1.3 Advantages of E-Vehicles;21
6.4;1.4 Problem Description;22
6.4.1;1.4.1 Conclusion of Contract with the Charging Station Operator;23
6.4.2;1.4.2 No Free Choice of Energy Supplier;24
6.4.3;1.4.3 Excessive Pricing;24
6.4.4;1.4.4 Lack of Charging Infrastructure;24
6.4.5;1.4.5 Approach to a Solution;24
6.5;References;24
7;2 Network Access Pursuant to § 20 EnWG;27
7.1;2.1 The Benefits for the End Consumer;27
7.2;2.2 Network Access Pursuant to § 20 EnWG;28
7.2.1;2.2.1 A Brief History;28
7.2.2;2.2.2 The Basic Structure of Energy Supply in the EnWG;32
7.3;2.3 The Public Charging Station in the System of the EnWG;33
7.3.1;2.3.1 Publicly Accessible Charging Station;33
7.3.2;2.3.2 Rightful Claimant;34
7.3.3;2.3.3 Obligated Party;34
7.3.3.1;2.3.3.1 Direct Line;35
7.3.3.2;2.3.3.2 Closed Distribution System;36
7.3.3.3;2.3.3.3 Customer Facility;36
7.3.3.4;2.3.3.4 Facility Sui Generis;37
7.3.3.5;2.3.3.5 Energy Supply System;38
7.3.3.6;2.3.3.6 Discussion: The Legislative Purpose;40
7.3.3.6.1;Supply of Electricity for the General Public;40
7.3.3.6.2;Consumer Protection;40
7.3.3.6.3;Effective and Genuine Competition;41
7.3.3.7;2.3.3.7 Discussion: Interpretation in Conformity with European Law;44
7.3.3.7.1;Applicability of Directive 2009/72/EC;44
7.3.3.7.2;Applicability of Directive 2009/28/EC;45
7.3.3.7.3;Applicability of Directive 2012/27/EU;45
7.3.3.7.4;Applicability of Directive 2014/94/EU;46
7.3.3.8;2.3.3.8 Interim Result;48
7.3.4;2.3.4 Balancing Group;48
7.3.5;2.3.5 No Grounds for Refusal;48
7.3.6;2.3.6 Result;51
7.3.7;2.3.7 Excursus: The Tesla Supercharger Network;51
7.4;References;52
8;3 Charging Stations as “Essential Facilities”;56
8.1;3.1 The Benefit for the Consumer;56
8.2;3.2 Network Access Pursuant to Art. 102 TFEU;57
8.2.1;3.2.1 Dominant Position;57
8.2.1.1;3.2.1.1 Product Market;57
8.2.1.2;3.2.1.2 Geographic Market;59
8.2.1.3;3.2.1.3 Dominant Position;60
8.2.1.3.1;Collective Entity;60
8.2.1.3.2;Market Transparency;61
8.2.1.3.3;Coordination Discipline;62
8.2.1.3.4;Robustness Against the Competition;62
8.2.2;3.2.2 Abusive Conduct;64
8.2.2.1;3.2.2.1 New Product;64
8.2.2.1.1;No Otherwise Access;65
8.2.2.1.2;No Duplicability;66
8.2.2.1.3;Refusal Without Justification;68
8.3;3.3 Capability of Affecting Trade Between Member States;69
8.4;3.4 Result;69
8.5;References;70
9;4 Price Abuse Due to Market Dominance;72
9.1;4.1 Benefit for the Consumer;72
9.2;4.2 Price Abuse Pursuant to Art. 102 TFEU;72
9.2.1;4.2.1 Relevant Market;72
9.2.2;4.2.2 Dominant Position;73
9.2.3;4.2.3 Abuse of the Dominant Market Position;76
9.2.3.1;4.2.3.1 Abusive Pricing;76
9.2.3.1.1;Comparable Market Concept;76
9.2.3.1.2;Price-Cost-Analysis;77
9.2.3.1.3;Substantial Markup;79
9.2.3.1.4;Objective Justification;80
9.2.3.1.5;Interim Result;80
9.2.3.2;4.2.3.2 Price Discrimination Pursuant to Art. 102 TFEU;81
9.2.3.2.1;Exclusionary Conduct Against Charging Station Operators;81
9.2.3.2.2;Exclusionary Conduct Against Roaming Partners;82
9.3;References;83
10;5 Insufficient Expansion of Charging Stations;85
10.1;5.1 Benefit for the Final Consumer;85
10.2;5.2 Relevant Market;85
10.3;5.3 Market Failure;86
10.3.1;5.3.1 Current Expansion of the Charging Station Network;86
10.3.2;5.3.2 Insufficient Expansion in Regard to the Current State;88
10.3.3;5.3.3 Insufficient Expansion in Regard to the Development Plan;89
10.3.4;5.3.4 Interim Result;90
10.4;5.4 Possible Reasons for the Lack of Expansion;90
10.4.1;5.4.1 High Fixed Costs;90
10.4.2;5.4.2 Economies of Scope;92
10.4.3;5.4.3 Chicken-and-Egg-Problem;92
10.4.4;5.4.4 Low Number of Available Public Places;93
10.4.5;5.4.5 Interim Result;93
10.5;5.5 Appropriate Measures;94
10.5.1;5.5.1 Self-healing Powers of the Market;94
10.5.2;5.5.2 Public Sponsorship;94
10.5.3;5.5.3 Public Responsibility;95
10.5.4;5.5.4 Regulation;95
10.5.5;5.5.5 Discussion;95
10.6;5.6 Result;96
10.7;References;96
11;6 Summary and Proposals;99
11.1;6.1 Summary;99
11.2;6.2 Proposals;101
11.2.1;6.2.1 Legal Classification of the Charging Station;101
11.2.2;6.2.2 Charging Station as an Allowable Asset Pursuant to the StromNEV;101
11.2.3;6.2.3 Structure of the Electricity Distribution Systems;101
11.2.4;6.2.4 Abolishing the Billing Fee;102
11.3;6.3 Closing Remarks;102
11.4;References;103
12;Annex A—Overview Operators of Charging Stations;104
13;Annex B—Cost Calculation;106