Ahmed / Jackson Surgical Tools and Medical Devices

2. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-319-33489-9
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 699 Seiten

This new edition presents information and knowledge on the field of biomedical devices and surgical tools. The authors look at the interactions between nanotechnology, nanomaterials, design, modeling, and tools for surgical and dental applications, as well as how nanostructured surfaces can be created for the purposes of improving cell adhesion between medical devices and the human body. Each original chapter is revised in this second edition and describes developments in coatings for heart valves, stents, hip and knee joints, cardiovascular devices, orthodontic applications, and regenerative materials such as bone substitutes. There are also 8 new chapters that address:Microvascular anastomosesInhaler devices used for pulmonary delivery of medical aerosolsSurface modification of interference screwsBiomechanics of the mandible (a detailed case study)Safety and medical devicesThe synthesis of nanostructured materialDelivery of anticancer molecules using carbon nanotubesNano and micro coatings for medical devicesThis book is appropriate for engineers, material scientists, chemists, physicists, biologists, medical and dental professionals with an interest in biomedical devices and tools, and researchers in the same fields.

Professor Waqar Ahmed is Professor of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials in the School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering at the University of Ulster. He has published over 300 papers, and has authored or co-authored 6 book chapters. 
Mark J. Jackson is the McCune and Middlekauff Foundation Endowed Faculty Fellow and Academic Department Head at Kansas State University. He has authored and coauthored over 250 publications in archived journals and refereed conference proceedings, and has written and edited books in the area of nanotechnology and manufacturing.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ahmed, Waqar

Jackson, Mark J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword by Sir Harold W. Kroto;5
2;Preface;7
3;Contents;9
4;Contributors;12
5;Nomenclature;16
6;1 Atomic Scale Machining of Medical Materials;19
6.1;Abstract;19
6.2;1.1 Introduction;20
6.3;1.2 Nanomachining;21
6.3.1;1.2.1 Cutting Force and Energy;21
6.3.2;1.2.2 Cutting Temperature;24
6.3.3;1.2.3 Chip Formation and Surface Generation;25
6.3.4;1.2.4 Minimum Undeformed Chip Thickness;27
6.3.5;1.2.5 Critical Cutting Edge Radius;28
6.3.6;1.2.6 Properties of Workpiece Materials;30
6.4;1.3 Material Requirements for the Medical IndustryTitanium (Ti) alloys;32
6.4.1;1.3.1 Properties of Titanium Alloys;33
6.4.2;1.3.2 Classification of Ti Alloys;34
6.4.3;1.3.3 Medical Applications of Ti Alloys;38
6.5;1.4 Material Models;38
6.5.1;1.4.1 Johnson–Cook Model (J–C);39
6.5.2;1.4.2 Mechanical Threshold Model (MTS);41
6.5.3;1.4.3 Power Law Model;41
6.5.4;1.4.4 Zerilli and Armstrong Model;41
6.5.5;1.4.5 Japanese Model;42
6.5.6;1.4.6 Bammann, Chiesa, and Johnson Model (BCJ);43
6.5.7;1.4.7 The Applied Model;44
6.6;1.5 Machining of Titanium Alloys for Medical Applications;45
6.6.1;1.5.1 Micromachining Medical Materials;53
6.6.1.1;1.5.1.1 The Size Effect;54
6.6.1.2;1.5.1.2 Minimum Chip Thickness;59
6.6.1.3;1.5.1.3 Computational Analysis;62
6.7;1.6 Further Developments;68
6.8;Acknowledgements;68
6.9;References;68
7;2 Anodization: A Promising Nano Modification Technique of Titanium-Based Implants for Orthopedic Applications;73
7.1;Abstract;73
7.2;2.1 Introduction;73
7.3;2.2 Anodization of Titanium;74
7.3.1;2.2.1 Basics of Anodization Process;74
7.3.2;2.2.2 Influences of Processing Parameters;75
7.3.3;2.2.3 Creation of Rough Surfaces;76
7.3.4;2.2.4 Creation of Nano-roughness;78
7.3.5;2.2.5 Control of Chemical Composition;81
7.4;2.3 Structure and Properties of Anodized Oxide Film;86
7.4.1;2.3.1 Structure;86
7.4.2;2.3.2 Corrosion Resistance and Adhesive Strength;86
7.4.3;2.3.3 Biological Properties of Anodized Titanium;88
7.4.3.1;2.3.3.1 In Vitro Studies;88
7.4.3.2;2.3.3.2 Mechanisms of Increased Osteoblast Function;90
7.4.3.3;2.3.3.3 In Vivo Studies;91
7.5;2.4 Future Directions;94
7.6;Acknowledgments;94
7.7;References;95
8;3 Titanium Dioxide Coatings for Medical Devices;98
8.1;Abstract;98
8.2;3.1 Titanium Dioxide Coatings;98
8.3;3.2 Conclusions;107
8.4;References;108
9;4 Effects of Shape and Surface Modification on the Corrosion of Nitinol Alloy Wires Exposed to Saline Solutions;109
9.1;Abstract;109
9.2;4.1 Introduction;109
9.3;4.2 Experimental Methods;110
9.3.1;4.2.1 Electrochemical Testing Procedure;111
9.3.2;4.2.2 Experimental Results;111
9.4;4.3 Summary;118
9.5;Acknowledgments;119
9.6;References;119
10;5 Cardiovascular Interventional and Implantable Devices;120
10.1;Abstract;120
10.2;5.1 Introduction;120
10.3;5.2 Key Surface Properties for Cardiovascular Interventional Devices;122
10.4;5.3 Cardiovascular Implantable Devices;123
10.5;5.4 Electrical Implantable Devices;124
10.6;5.5 Mechanical Implantables;127
10.7;5.6 Important Surface Properties for Implantable Cardiovascular Devices;128
10.8;References;130
11;6 Surface Engineering of Artificial Heart Valves to Using Modified Diamond-Like Coatings;132
11.1;Abstract;132
11.2;6.1 Introduction;132
11.3;6.2 History of Mechanical Heart Valves;133
11.4;6.3 Thrombosis;138
11.5;6.4 Hemocompatibility;140
11.6;6.5 Endothelium and Endothelial Cell Seeding;142
11.7;6.6 Surface Engineering Artificial Heart Valves;144
11.7.1;6.6.1 Biological Properties of Diamond-Like Carbon;144
11.7.2;6.6.2 Other Biocompatible Coatings;145
11.7.3;6.6.3 Chromium Modified DLC;146
11.7.4;6.6.4 Silicon Modified DLC;150
11.8;6.7 Summary;157
11.9;References;159
12;7 Diamond Surgical Tools;163
12.1;Abstract;163
12.2;7.1 Introduction;163
12.3;7.2 Properties of Diamond;165
12.4;7.3 History of Diamond;165
12.4.1;7.3.1 Early History of Diamond Synthesis;165
12.4.2;7.3.2 Metastable Diamond Growth;168
12.5;7.4 CVD Diamond Technology;169
12.6;7.5 CVD Diamond Processes;170
12.6.1;7.5.1 Plasma-Enhanced CVD;170
12.6.2;7.5.2 Hot Filament CVD (HFCVD);172
12.7;7.6 Treatment of Substrate;173
12.7.1;7.6.1 Selection of Substrate Material;173
12.7.2;7.6.2 Substrate Pretreatment;174
12.8;7.7 Modification of HFCVD Process;177
12.8.1;7.7.1 Modification of Filament Assembly;177
12.8.2;7.7.2 Process Conditions;178
12.9;7.8 Nucleation and Growth;179
12.9.1;7.8.1 Nucleation Stage;180
12.9.2;7.8.2 Bias-Enhanced Nucleation (BEN);181
12.9.3;7.8.3 Influence of Temperature;183
12.10;7.9 Deposition on 3D Substrates;186
12.10.1;7.9.1 Diamond Deposition on Metallic (Molybdenum) Wire;186
12.10.2;7.9.2 Deposition on WC-Co Surgical Tool;187
12.10.3;7.9.3 Diamond Deposition on Tungsten Carbide (WC-Co) Surgical Tool;191
12.11;7.10 Wear of Diamond;193
12.11.1;7.10.1 Performance of Diamond-Coated Surgical Tool;195
12.11.2;7.10.2 Performance of Diamond-Coated Surgical Tool;195
12.12;7.11 Time-Modulated CVD Diamond;200
12.13;7.12 Conclusions;206
12.14;References;206
13;8 Dental Tool Technology;209
13.1;Abstract;209
13.2;8.1 Introduction;209
13.3;8.2 Burs and Abrasive Points;211
13.4;8.3 Classification of Dental Burs;213
13.5;8.4 Coding of Dental Tools;215
13.5.1;8.4.1 Shapes;215
13.5.2;8.4.2 Types of Toothing;216
13.5.3;8.4.3 Specific Characteristics of Diamond Instruments;217
13.6;8.5 Dental Devices;218
13.7;8.6 Dental Laboratory Materials;219
13.7.1;8.6.1 Gypsum;219
13.7.2;8.6.2 Light-Activated Dental Impression Tray Materials;220
13.7.3;8.6.3 Materials for Dentures;221
13.7.4;8.6.4 Metal Components: Crowns, Bridges and Metal Partial Dentures;222
13.7.5;8.6.5 Materials for Partial Denture Frameworks;223
13.7.6;8.6.6 Titanium Alloys;224
13.7.7;8.6.7 Materials for Metal Inlays, Crowns and Bridges;224
13.7.8;8.6.8 Ceramics;225
13.7.9;8.6.9 Machinable Ceramic Restorations;226
13.8;8.7 Dental Cutting Tools;227
13.8.1;8.7.1 Cutting Efficiency;227
13.8.2;8.7.2 CVD Dental Burs;228
13.8.3;8.7.3 Shanks;230
13.9;8.8 Health and Safety;231
13.9.1;8.8.1 Vibration;231
13.9.2;8.8.2 Dust;231
13.9.3;8.8.3 Particle Size;232
13.10;References;232
14;9 Nanocrystalline Diamond: Deposition Routes and Clinical Applications;239
14.1;Abstract;239
14.2;9.1 Introduction;239
14.3;9.2 Nanocrystalline Diamond;241
14.3.1;9.2.1 Deposition Routes;242
14.3.2;9.2.2 Time Modulated CVD;245
14.4;9.3 Clinical Applications;251
14.4.1;9.3.1 Heart Valves;251
14.4.2;9.3.2 Dental Burs;253
14.4.3;9.3.3 Hip Prostheses;255
14.4.4;9.3.4 Microfluidic Devices;256
14.4.5;9.3.5 Summary;256
14.5;References;258
15;10 Medical Device Manufacturing: Environment, Engineering Control and Monitoring;263
15.1;Abstract;263
15.2;10.1 Introduction;263
15.3;10.2 Stressor Source, Properties, and Characteristics;265
15.4;10.3 SterilizationSurface Sterilization;269
15.4.1;10.3.1 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization;270
15.4.2;10.3.2 Gamma Ray Sterilization;270
15.4.3;10.3.3 Electron Beam Radiation Sterilization;272
15.4.4;10.3.4 Other Sterilization Techniques;272
15.5;10.4 Cleaning, Etching, and Surface Preparation;273
15.5.1;10.4.1 Alcohols;273
15.5.2;10.4.2 Chlorinated and Fluorinated Hydrocarbons;275
15.5.3;10.4.3 Acids and Alkalis;276
15.5.4;10.4.4 Acetone;278
15.5.5;10.4.5 Particulate Matter;278
15.5.6;10.4.6 Spent Solvents;279
15.5.7;10.4.7 The Future of Surface Preparation Techniques;279
15.6;10.5 Adhesive Applications;281
15.7;10.6 Coating Applications;282
15.8;10.7 Drilling, Grinding, Cutting, and Machining;282
15.8.1;10.7.1 Laser Cutting;283
15.9;10.8 Welding and Soldering;284
15.10;10.9 General Maintenance Activities;285
15.11;10.10 Laboratory Research and Testing;285
15.12;10.11 Environmental and Engineering Controls;286
15.13;10.12 Substitution;287
15.14;10.13 Process Controls;287
15.15;10.14 Enclosure/Isolation;288
15.16;10.15 Process Change or Elimination;289
15.17;10.16 Ventilation Controls;289
15.17.1;10.16.1 Dilution Ventilation;289
15.17.2;10.16.2 Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV);290
15.18;10.17 Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing;294
15.19;10.18 Control Strategies in Device Manufacturing;295
15.20;10.19 Monitoring;296
15.21;10.20 Particle, Fumes, and Aerosol Monitoring;297
15.22;10.21 Vapors and Gases;302
15.22.1;10.21.1 Detector (Colorimetric) Tubes;303
15.22.2;10.21.2 Photoionization Detectors (PIDs);305
15.22.3;10.21.3 Flame Ionization Detectors (FIDs);305
15.22.4;10.21.4 Electrochemical Sensor Monitors;306
15.22.5;10.21.5 Infrared Spectrophotometers;306
15.22.6;10.21.6 Gas Chromatographs (GCs);306
15.22.7;10.21.7 X-ray Fluorescence (XRFs);307
15.23;10.22 Ionizing Radiation;307
15.24;10.23 Nonionizing Radiation;308
15.25;10.24 Noise and Heat Stress;308
15.26;10.25 Microbial Environmental Monitoring;309
15.27;10.26 Clean Room Monitoring Requirements;312
15.28;10.27 Monitor Selection in Device Manufacturing;313
15.29;10.28 Summary;314
15.30;Acknowledgments;314
15.31;References;315
16;11 Biomaterial–Cell Tissue Interactions in Surface Engineered Carbon-Based Biomedical Implants and Devices;317
16.1;Abstract;317
16.2;11.1 Introduction to Surface Engineered Carbon-Based Materials;317
16.3;11.2 Potential Biomedical Applications of DLC;322
16.4;11.3 Definitions and General Aspects of Biocompatibility;323
16.4.1;11.3.1 Specie Differences;324
16.4.2;11.3.2 Cell Specificity;324
16.5;11.4 Blood;324
16.5.1;11.4.1 Definitions and General Aspects of Hemocompatibility;325
16.5.2;11.4.2 General Hypothesis;326
16.5.3;11.4.3 Material;326
16.5.4;11.4.4 Material and Hemodynamics;327
16.5.5;11.4.5 Hemodynamics;327
16.5.6;11.4.6 Erythrocytes and Leucocytes;327
16.5.7;11.4.7 Blood Cells and Protein Surface Tensions;327
16.5.8;11.4.8 Heparinised Surfaces and Drugs;328
16.5.9;11.4.9 Calcification;328
16.5.10;11.4.10 Surface Charges;328
16.6;11.5 Cell Culture/Seeding Peculiar to Each Cell;329
16.6.1;11.5.1 Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells (HMEC-1);329
16.6.2;11.5.2 Human Platelets;330
16.6.3;11.5.3 Pericytes Cell Line;330
16.6.4;11.5.4 Human Embryonic Lung, L132 Cell Lines;331
16.6.5;11.5.5 V79 Cell Lines;331
16.7;11.6 Statistics and Counting of Cells;332
16.7.1;11.6.1 Cell Fixation and Drying;332
16.7.2;11.6.2 Gold–Platinum Coating for Charging Compensation;332
16.7.3;11.6.3 SEM Imaging of Cells;332
16.8;11.7 Stereological Investigations;332
16.8.1;11.7.1 Stereological Investigation and Statistical Analysis (Endothelial and Other Cells);332
16.8.2;11.7.2 Stereological Investigations and Statistical Analysis (Platelets);333
16.9;11.8 Photo-Fluorescent Imaging of Cells/Tissues;334
16.9.1;11.8.1 Typical Sample Preparation for Photo-Fluorescent Microscopy;334
16.10;11.9 Biocompatibility and Hemocompatibility Models;335
16.10.1;11.9.1 Proteins-Adhesive and Non-adhesive Proteins;335
16.10.2;11.9.2 Surface Energy Model;336
16.10.3;11.9.3 Band Gap Model;337
16.10.4;11.9.4 Surface Topography, Roughness and Patterning;337
16.10.5;11.9.5 Endothelial-Platelet Model;338
16.11;11.10 Carbon-Based Materials Interaction with Selected Proteins and Cells;339
16.12;11.11 DLC Interactions with Fibroblasts In Vitro;339
16.12.1;11.11.1 Human Fibroblasts;339
16.12.2;11.11.2 DLC Interaction with Osteoblasts In Vitro;340
16.12.3;11.11.3 DLC Interaction Kidney Cells In Vitro;341
16.12.4;11.11.4 Mutagenicity Evaluation of DLC;342
16.12.5;11.11.5 DLC Interaction with Specific Cells (Hemocompatibility);342
16.12.6;11.11.6 DLC Interaction with Endothelial Cells;342
16.12.7;11.11.7 Nitrogen-Doped DLC Interaction with Endothelial Cells;344
16.12.8;11.11.8 DLC Interaction with Platelets;350
16.12.9;11.11.9 DLC Interaction with Blood Cells not Involved in the Clotting Process;357
16.12.10;11.11.10 DLC Interaction with Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells, RBC);358
16.12.11;11.11.11 DLC Interaction with Human Haematopoietic Myeloblasts In Vitro;358
16.12.12;11.11.12 DLC Interactions with Granulocytes (Neutrophils or Basophils or Eosinophils) In Vitro;359
16.12.13;11.11.13 DLC Interaction with Monocytes (Macrophages) In Vitro;360
16.12.14;11.11.14 DLC Interaction with Lymphocytes;361
16.13;11.12 Endothelial Preseeding on Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering;363
16.13.1;11.12.1 Endothelial Cell–Platelet Interactions on a-C:H and a-C:H:Si Thin Films;364
16.14;11.13 Bioassays and Assessment of Intracellular Activities;368
16.14.1;11.13.1 MTT Assay;369
16.14.1.1;11.13.1.1 The Interaction of a-C:H and a-C:H:Si Thin Films with Bovine Retinal Pericytes;369
16.14.1.2;11.13.1.2 The Interaction of a-C:H and a-C:H:Si Thin Films with L132 Cell Line;371
16.14.1.3;11.13.1.3 The Interaction of a-C:H and a-C:H:Si Thin Films with V79 Cell Line;375
16.14.2;11.13.2 Other Bioassays Techniques;376
16.15;11.14 In Vivo Studies of Carbon-Based Materials: Cell–Tissue Interactions In Situ;377
16.15.1;11.14.1 In Vivo Studies on the Biocompatibility and Hemocompatibility of DLC;377
16.15.2;11.14.2 Summary;379
16.16;11.15 Ongoing and Future Investigations;384
16.17;References;386
17;12 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Bio-Nanotechnology;393
17.1;Abstract;393
17.2;12.1 Introduction;393
17.3;12.2 Bio-Nanomaterials;394
17.4;12.3 Carbon NanotubesApplications of Carbon Nanotubes;395
17.4.1;12.3.1 Introduction;395
17.4.2;12.3.2 Synthesis;395
17.4.3;12.3.3 Structure and Properties;397
17.4.4;12.3.4 Applications;398
17.4.4.1;12.3.4.1 CNTs as Biosensors;399
17.4.4.2;12.3.4.2 Processibility;402
17.4.4.3;12.3.4.3 Fabrication;404
17.4.4.4;12.3.4.4 Carbon Nanotubes for Neuronal Growth;406
17.4.4.5;12.3.4.5 Drug Delivery by CNTs;407
17.4.4.6;12.3.4.6 Biomedical Implant Applications of CNT;409
17.5;12.4 Analysis;412
17.6;12.5 Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes;416
17.7;12.6 Conclusions;416
17.8;References;416
18;13 Bonelike® Graft for Regenerative Bone Applications;423
18.1;Abstract;423
18.2;13.1 Introduction;423
18.2.1;13.1.1 Bone Physiology;423
18.2.2;13.1.2 Regenerative Graft Procedures;427
18.3;13.2 Synthetic Bone Graft Material—Bonelike®;430
18.3.1;13.2.1 Bonelike® Development and Preparation;430
18.3.2;13.2.2 Physico-Chemical Characterisation;431
18.3.3;13.2.3 Mechanical Characterisation;433
18.3.4;13.2.4 Biological Evaluation;436
18.3.4.1;13.2.4.1 In Vitro Studies;436
18.3.4.2;13.2.4.2 In Vivo Experimentation;439
18.3.5;13.2.5 Medical Applications;445
18.3.5.1;13.2.5.1 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery;445
18.3.5.2;13.2.5.2 Orthopaedics;446
18.4;13.3 Summary;447
18.5;References;448
19;14 Machining Cancellous Bone Prior to Prosthetic Implantation;452
19.1;Abstract;452
19.2;14.1 Introduction;452
19.3;14.2 Analysis of Fluid Flow;453
19.3.1;14.2.1 Assumptions;453
19.3.2;14.2.2 CFD Geometry Model;453
19.3.3;14.2.3 Fluid Model;454
19.4;14.3 Experimental Results and Discussion;456
19.4.1;14.3.1 Numerical Resultsanalysis of fluid flow;456
19.4.2;14.3.2 Flow Topology and Pressure Variations;460
19.4.2.1;14.3.2.1 Rotor with 90° Blade Angle;460
19.4.2.2;14.3.2.2 Rotor with Three Inlets Inclined at 45°;462
19.4.2.3;14.3.2.3 Two-Stage Rotor;463
19.4.3;14.3.3 Mach Number;465
19.5;14.4 Machining of Bone;470
19.6;14.5 Structure of Cancellous Bone;472
19.7;14.6 Theory of Micromachining;473
19.8;14.7 Initial Chip Curl Modeling;476
19.9;14.8 Experimental;481
19.9.1;14.8.1 Micromachining Apparatus;481
19.9.2;14.8.2 Observations of Bone Chips;482
19.9.3;14.8.3 Biomachining Results;485
19.10;14.9 Discussion;485
19.11;14.10 Conclusions;486
19.12;Acknowledgments;486
19.13;References;487
20;15 Titanium and Titanium Alloy Applications in Medicine;488
20.1;Abstract;488
20.2;15.1 Metallurgical Aspects;488
20.2.1;15.1.1 Introduction;488
20.2.2;15.1.2 Basic Aspects of Titanium Metallurgy;489
20.2.3;15.1.3 Mechanical Behavior;492
20.2.4;15.1.4 Corrosion Behavior;495
20.3;15.2 Principal Requirements of Medical Implants;497
20.3.1;15.2.1 Introduction;497
20.3.2;15.2.2 Metallic Biomaterials;498
20.3.3;15.2.3 The Surface-Tissue Interaction;498
20.3.4;15.2.4 Machining of Titanium Alloys;499
20.3.5;15.2.5 Surface Treatments and Coatings;508
20.3.6;15.2.6 Applications in Practice;510
20.4;15.3 Shape Memory Alloys;513
20.4.1;15.3.1 IntroductionShape Memory Alloys (SMA);513
20.4.1.1;15.3.1.1 Thermomechanical Behavior;514
20.4.2;15.3.2 Biocompatibility;516
20.4.2.1;15.3.2.1 Corrosion Behavior;518
20.4.3;15.3.3 Surface of Implant;519
20.4.3.1;15.3.3.1 Surface Improvements;519
20.4.4;15.3.4 Medical Applications;520
20.5;15.4 Conclusions;523
20.6;Acknowledgments;524
20.7;References;524
21;16 Nanocoatings for Medical Devices;531
21.1;Abstract;531
21.2;16.1 What Is a Medical Device?;531
21.3;16.2 CoatingNanocoatings for Medical Devices;532
21.4;16.3 Nanocoating of Medical Devices;533
21.4.1;16.3.1 Dental Applications;533
21.4.2;16.3.2 Applications in Implants;541
21.4.3;16.3.3 Progression in Stents;547
21.4.4;16.3.4 Miscellaneous;549
21.5;16.4 Conclusions;551
21.6;References;551
22;17 Microvascular Anastomoses: Suture and Non-suture Methods;556
22.1;Abstract;556
22.2;17.1 Microvascular Anastomoses;556
22.3;17.2 Background of Microvascular Anastomoses;557
22.4;17.3 Sutured Anastomoses;558
22.4.1;17.3.1 Suture Properties;558
22.4.2;17.3.2 Suture Techniques;558
22.5;17.4 Non-suture Anastomoses;559
22.5.1;17.4.1 Clips/Staples;559
22.5.2;17.4.2 Adhesives;560
22.5.3;17.4.3 Laser-Assisted Microvascular Anastomosis (LAMA);561
22.5.4;17.4.4 Stents;561
22.5.5;17.4.5 Magnets;562
22.5.6;17.4.6 Gels;564
22.5.7;17.4.7 Bioabsorbable Pin Device;565
22.5.8;17.4.8 Ring-Pin Devices;566
22.6;17.5 Summary;569
22.7;References;569
23;18 Delivery of Anticancer Molecules Using Carbon Nanotubes;574
23.1;Abstract;574
23.2;18.1 Introduction;574
23.3;18.2 Functionalisation of Carbon Nanotubes;576
23.4;18.3 Rationale Behind Using Carbon Nanotubes in Delivery of Anticancer Drugs;577
23.5;18.4 Mechanism of Cellular Uptake of Carbon Nanotubes;577
23.6;18.5 Use of Folate Derivatives and Other Targeting Moieties;580
23.7;18.6 Pegylated Taxol Carbon Nanotube Formulations;581
23.8;References;582
24;19 Design Characteristics of Inhaler Devices Used for Pulmonary Delivery of Medical Aerosols;584
24.1;Abstract;584
24.2;19.1 Introduction;584
24.3;19.2 Types of Devices;585
24.3.1;19.2.1 Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers (PMDIs);585
24.3.2;19.2.2 Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs);586
24.3.3;19.2.3 Nebulizers;588
24.3.3.1;19.2.3.1 Air-Jet Nebulizer;589
24.3.3.2;19.2.3.2 Ultrasonic Nebulizers;591
24.3.3.3;19.2.3.3 Vibrating-Mesh Nebulizers;596
24.4;19.3 Conclusions;598
24.5;References;598
25;20 Surface Modification of Interference Screws Used in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery;603
25.1;Abstract;603
25.2;20.1 Poor Graft-Bone Integration;608
25.3;References;616
26;21 Biomechanics of the Mandible and Current Evidence Base for Treatment of the Fractured Mandible;626
26.1;Abstract;626
26.2;21.1 Structure of the Mandible;626
26.3;21.2 Biomechanics and Anatomical Considerations of the Bony Mandible;629
26.4;21.3 Mono-Cortical Fixation;630
26.4.1;21.3.1 Rationale for Fixation;632
26.4.2;21.3.2 How the Fracture Heals;634
26.5;21.4 Case History;635
26.5.1;21.4.1 Diagnoses;636
26.5.2;21.4.2 Treatment;636
26.5.3;21.4.3 Treatment Plan;637
26.5.4;21.4.4 Surgery;637
26.5.5;21.4.5 Post-Operative Plan;638
26.5.6;21.4.6 Review Appointments;638
26.6;21.5 Discussion;638
26.7;21.6 Final Word from the Expert;640
26.8;References;640
27;22 Safety and Medical Devices: The Human Factors Perspective;643
27.1;Abstract;643
27.2;22.1 Safety in Healthcare;643
27.2.1;22.1.1 Human Factors;646
27.3;22.2 Man–Device Interface;647
27.4;22.3 Design;648
27.5;22.4 Transfer to Practice;648
27.6;22.5 State of the Field;649
27.6.1;22.5.1 Cognitive Load Theory;649
27.6.2;22.5.2 Audio to Reduce Visual Distraction;650
27.6.3;22.5.3 Tactile Language Communication;650
27.6.4;22.5.4 Generic Non-technical Skills Training;650
27.7;22.6 Summary;652
27.8;References;652
28;23 Synthesis of Nanostructured Material and Its Applications as Surgical Tools and Devices for Monitoring Cellular Activities;655
28.1;Abstract;655
28.2;23.1 Nanotechnology and Its Applications;656
28.3;23.2 Desired Parameters for the Fabrication of Nanodevices for Detecting Abnormal Cellular Activities;662
28.4;23.3 The Chemical Concept of Functional Metal Oxide Nanoparticles;662
28.5;23.4 Synthesis of Theranostic Nanoparticles;663
28.6;23.5 State of the Art;665
28.7;23.6 Fabrication of Functional Metal Oxide Nanopowder Depends on Following Points for Improving Process Efficiency;667
28.8;23.7 Synthesis of Biocompatible Metal Oxide Nanopowder;667
28.9;23.8 Characterization Techniques [33–49];672
28.10;23.9 Use of Functionalized Nanoparticles;673
28.11;23.10 Magnetic Resonance Imaging;676
28.12;23.11 Nanoprobes/Chips Array Technology;676
28.13;23.12 Nanoparticles Use as Therapeutic Medicines;677
28.14;23.13 Use of Cancer Drug Based as Nanocarrier;677
28.15;23.14 Use of Nanoparticles for Vaccines/Gene Delivery;678
28.16;23.15 Metallic Nanoparticles Without Any Protective Layer;678
28.17;23.16 Nano-Surgery;679
28.18;23.17 Use of Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicines;679
28.19;23.18 Nanoparticles for Orthopedic Applications;679
28.20;23.19 Renal Clearance;679
28.21;23.20 Conclusions;680
28.22;References;681
29;24 Correction to: Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Bio-Nanotechnology;685
29.1;Correction to: Chapter 12 in: W. Ahmed and M.J. Jackson (eds.), Surgical Tools and Medical Devices, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33489-9_12;685
30;Editors’ Vitae;686
31;Index;691