Akhtar / Wadhwa Malaria in South Asia

Eradication and Resurgence During the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-90-481-3358-1
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 241 Seiten

Malaria is one of the most widespread and devastating infectious diseases in the world. More than half the world population residing in over 100 countries is at risk of infection from this vector-borne disease. An estimated 250-500 million mal- ial cases occur each year, resulting in nearly one million deaths, the overwhelming majority of which are children. Because of the magnitude of the associated fata- ties, development experts consider malaria a 'silent tsunami,' comparing its death toll to the Indian Ocean tsunami (IOT) that ravaged several countries of South and Southeast Asia on December 26, 2004. That tsunami killed some 300,000 people (including children) at once. Globally, malarial deaths account for about 9% of all childhood deaths each year. However, with malaria more than most fatal d- eases, mortality is a small fraction of morbidity. Malaria is a debilitating disease, particularly for the adult population. In addition to children, pregnant women and migrating populations are most v- nerable to malaria. Miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight are common among pregnant women who are infected with this disease. Malaria manifests itself through recurrent fever and chills, with associated symptoms such as anemia and an enlarged spleen. If a person survives the disease, he or she will develop a certain degree of immunity for some years. But malaria victims are not only deprived of energy, they also face an increased risk of other diseases taking hold in the weakened body.

Rais Akhtar is CSIR Emeritus Scientist at the Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He has published more then 12 books and numerous articles on medical geography. He is the recipient of multiple international fellowships, and was nominated to the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which co-won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 with Al Gore.Dr. Ashok K. Dutt is Professor Emeritus of Geography, Planning, and Urban Studies at The University of Akron. He has published in major journals of the world and has written and edited over 20 books. He has been a Fulbright Scholar and Ford Foundation Fellow, received the R.N. Dubey Foundation award for Lifetime Achievement in Geography, and was honored with the title of Bhugool Bachaspati (Most Learned Geographer) in 2008 at the National Congress of National Association of Indian Geographers.Dr. Vandana Wadhwa is Lecturer at Boston University, Massachusetts. She has published in several major journals and contributed various books chapters and encyclopedia entries. She is the former Chair of the Health & Medical Geography Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers, Secretary-Treasurer of its Disability Specialty Group, and Director of South Asia Studies within the Asian Geography Specialty Group.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Akhtar, Rais

Wadhwa, Vandana

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Preface 1;8
3;Preface 2;9
4;Preface 3;11
4.1; Reference;13
5;Acknowledgments;14
6;Contents;16
7;Annotated Glossary and Abbreviations;17
8;Contributors;26
9;About the Authors;27
10;1 The History and Progression of Malaria: A Global and Regional View;30
10.1; Malaria Goes Global: A Brief History;31
10.2; Malarial Cycle: Agent, Vector, and Host;33
10.2.1; Agent;34
10.2.2; Vector;34
10.2.3; Host;35
10.3; Breakthroughs of Science in the War Against Malaria;35
10.3.1; Public Health and Protection Measures;36
10.3.2; DDT: A Potent Mosquito Killer;37
10.3.3; Anti-malarial Drugs: A Brief History;38
10.3.4; Proactive Measures: The Role of IPT;40
10.3.5; The Elusive Vaccine;41
10.4; Trends in Malaria Occurrence;42
10.4.1; Malaria in the Twentieth Century;43
10.4.2; Twenty-First Century Concerns;47
10.5; What Is to Follow: An Overview of the Chapters;49
10.6; Notes;53
10.7;References;53
11;2 Resurgence of Malaria in Sri Lanka in the 1970s;57
11.1; Physical Factors Affecting Malaria;58
11.2; Resurgence of Malaria;60
11.3; Eradication: The Science Behind the Hunt for a Vaccine;67
11.4; Note;68
11.5;References;68
12;3 Malaria in Sri Lanka: A Geomedical Analysis;70
12.1; Etiology and Epidemiology;70
12.1.1; The Malaria Originator;70
12.1.2; The Transmitter to Humans;71
12.1.3; Environmental Factors: Human and Physical;72
12.2; Documenting Malaria in Sri Lanka;74
12.3; Study Data Set and Analysis;77
12.4; Phases of Malaria: A Model of Malaria Progression in Sri Lanka;79
12.4.1; Seasonal and Spatial Variation of Malaria Occurrence;83
12.4.1.1; Seasonal Occurrence;83
12.4.2; Regional Characteristics;84
12.5; Analysis of the Malaria Situation;87
12.6; Promotive and Inhibitive Factors for Malaria Occurrence;89
12.6.1; Intra-corporeal Factors;89
12.6.2; Extra-corporeal Factors: The Critical Role of Precipitation;90
12.7; Other Human Factors Influencing Malaria Occurrence;91
12.7.1; Cultural Factors;91
12.7.2; Town Infrastructure Deterioration;92
12.7.3; Cultivation and Irrigation Practices;92
12.8; Policy Considerations Arising from the Study;95
12.8.1; Rivers and Tanks as Indicators of a Malaria Epidemic;95
12.8.2; The Districts of Sri Lanka as Malaria Clearing Areas;96
12.9; Conclusions for the Malaria Campaign;99
12.10; Notes;101
12.11;References;101
13;4 Malaria Resurgence in Nepal: An Overview;103
13.1; Incidence of Malaria in Nepal;103
13.2; Agents of Malaria in Nepal and the Malaria Parasite;104
13.2.1; Malaria Vectors;106
13.2.2; Malaria Parasites;106
13.3; Resurgence Characteristics and Causes;13
13.3.1; Regional Distribution;107
13.3.2; Factors Causing Malaria Resurgence;109
13.4; Strategy for Malaria Control;110
13.5; Summary and Conclusion;110
13.6; Notes;111
13.7;References;111
14;5 Resurgence and Post-resurgence Periods of Malariain Bangladesh;113
14.1; Vectors and Malarial Ecology in Bangladesh;120
14.2; Resurgence and Post-resurgence Periods;123
14.3; Eradication: Challenges and Innovations;126
14.4; Conclusion;128
14.5; Note;130
14.6;References;130
15;6 Resurgence of Malaria in Bangladesh;132
15.1; Mortality and Morbidity: A General Background;132
15.1.1; Mortality and Malaria: Dynamics of Change;133
15.2; Brief Survey of Literature;134
15.3; Methodology;134
15.4; Malaria in Bangladesh;135
15.5; Malaria Agents and Vectors in Bangladesh;136
15.5.1; A. dirus balabacensis;137
15.5.2; A. philippinensis;137
15.5.3; A. minimus;139
15.5.4; A. sundaicus;139
15.6; Resurgence of Malaria;139
15.7; Malaria Zones;141
15.7.1; High Malaria Risk Zone;143
15.7.2; Medium Malaria Risk Zone;144
15.7.3; Low Malaria Risk Zone;144
15.8; Conclusions;144
15.9; Note;146
15.10;References;146
16;7 The Resurgence of Malaria in Pakistan: A GeographicalEvaluation;148
16.1; The Conceptual Framework;149
16.2; An Overview of Malaria Resurgence in Pakistan;151
16.3; Measuring the Intensity of Malaria Resurgence;155
16.4; Spatial Trends in Malaria Intensity;155
16.5; The Hypothesis of Malaria Eradication: An Appraisal;159
16.6; Evaluation of MEPs Performance;161
16.7; Conclusions;162
16.8; Notes;163
16.9;References;164
17;8 Malaria Resurgence in Urban India: Lessons from Health Planning Strategies;165
17.1; Background and Context of the Study;166
17.1.1; Malaria Vectors in India and Their Suited Ecology;166
17.1.2; Urban Malaria: A Historical Review;166
17.1.2.1; Phase I---Pre-independence Period (Beginning of the Century Till 1947);166
17.1.2.2; Phase II--Period of Active Anti-malarial Drives (1948--1965);167
17.1.2.3; Phase III--Period of Malaria Resurgence (1966--1977);168
17.1.2.4; Phase IV--Post-resurgence Period (1978--1993, Study Period);169
17.2; Research Design and Methodology;169
17.3; Results and Discussion;170
17.3.1; Pattern of Malaria Incidence in 1978;170
17.3.2; Pattern of Malaria Incidence in 1993;172
17.3.3; Spatio-temporal Change in Malaria Intensity Over 1978--1993;175
17.4; Conclusion: Planning, Prevention, and Cure;175
17.5; Notes;178
17.6;References;178
18;9 The Dynamics of Urban Malaria in India: An Update;180
18.1; Urban Ecology and Malaria;180
18.2; Data and Methodology;183
18.2.1; Some Notes on Methodology;188
18.3; Results and Discussion;190
18.3.1; Urban Malaria in 1994;190
18.3.2; Urban Malaria in 1997;192
18.3.3; Shifts in Urban Malaria from 1994 to 1997;195
18.4; Dynamics of Urban Malaria in India, 19781997: Cycles of Resistance and Cycle of Regional Occurrence;197
18.5; Conclusion;199
18.6; Notes;200
18.7;References;200
19;10 Lessons from the Past, View to the Future: Summary and Concluding Remarks;202
19.1; Malaria Enablers: Physical and Cultural Environments;203
19.2; Human Interventions Against Malaria in South Asia;204
19.3; Malaria in South Asia: Nation-Wise Comparison and Summary;206
19.3.1; Malaria in South Asia in the Twenty-First Century: A Brief Update;208
19.4; Combating Malaria: A View to the Future;208
19.4.1; Roll Back Malaria Initiative (RBM) and the Global Malaria Program;209
19.4.2; Malaria Vaccines and Other Advancements;211
19.5; Summary and Conclusion;214
19.5.1; For Richer, for Poorer, in Sickness and in Health…;217
19.6; Notes;219
19.7;References;219
20;Color Plates;224
21;Index;256