Albaiges Analytical Techniques in Environmental Chemistry 2

Proceedings of the Second International Congress, Barcelona, Spain, November 1981
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-1-4831-6156-3
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 484 Seiten, Web PDF

Analytical Techniques in Environmental Chemistry 2 focuses on the establishment of analytical techniques in the management of compounds relative to their effects on health and nature. The book stresses that these analytical techniques are essential in order to cope with the problems arising from the utilization of these compounds. The selection contains the contributions of authors who have continuously performed studies on the analysis of organic and inorganic pollutants and monitoring strategies or case histories of compounds. These pieces focus on the role of analytical chemistry in the control of compounds, particularly if the compounds are seen to pose threat to health and the environment. The text presents studies on the determination of how these compounds can become pollutants, which are emphasized by the experiments and laboratory procedures mentioned in the book. Through research on hazardous compounds in different areas, the book manages to point out the differences of how these compounds can affect the environment and health. The text then proceeds by presenting various analytical techniques that could be employed to mitigate the hazardous nature of these compounds. The book is a reliable source of information for scholars and readers who are interested in studying how to control the hazardous effects of compounds both on health and the environment.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Albaiges, J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Analytical Techniques in Environmental Chemistry 2;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;FOREWORD;6
5;Table of Contents;8
6;PART 1: MONITORING STRATEGIES;12
6.1;CHAPTER 1.
THE ROLE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY IN A TOXIC SUBSTANCE SPILL INTO THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT;12
6.1.1;ABSTRACT;12
6.1.2;KEYWORDS;13
6.1.3;INTRODUCTION;13
6.1.4;EXPERIMENTAL;14
6.1.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;18
6.1.6;OBSERVATIONS;26
6.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;27
6.1.8;REFERENCES;27
6.2;CHAPTER 2.
SPATIAL AND SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN CONCENTRATION OF TRIHALOMETHANES IN DRINKING WATER;30
6.2.1;ABSTRACT;30
6.2.2;KEYWORDS;30
6.2.3;INTRODUCTION;30
6.2.4;METHODS;32
6.2.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;33
6.2.6;REFERENCES;49
6.3;CHAPTER 3.
DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT OF TRACE METAL POLLUTION IN KUWAIT'S MARINE ENVIRONMENT;50
6.3.1;ABSTRACT;50
6.3.2;KEYWORDS;50
6.3.3;INTRODUCTION;50
6.3.4;EXPERIMENTAL METHODS;51
6.3.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;54
6.3.6;CONCLUSIONS;59
6.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;59
6.3.8;REFERENCES;60
6.4;CHAPTER 4.
HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF SOILS AT BISCAY;62
6.4.1;ABSTRACT;62
6.4.2;KEYWORDS;62
6.4.3;INTRODUCTION;62
6.4.4;EXPERIMENTAL;63
6.4.5;RESULTS;64
6.4.6;CONCLUSIONS;66
6.4.7;REFERENCES;67
6.5;CHAPTER 5.
TRACE METAL MASS BALANCE IN A FLOWING ECOSYSTEM;68
6.5.1;ABSTRACT;68
6.5.2;KEYWORDS;68
6.5.3;INTRODUCTION;68
6.5.4;EXPERIMENTAL;69
6.5.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;71
6.5.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;79
6.5.7;REFERENCES;79
6.6;CHAPTER 6.
DIAGENESIS OF TERRIGENOUS AND MARINE ORGANIC MATTER ALONG THE ST. LAWRENCE ESTUARY;80
6.6.1;ABSTRACT;80
6.6.2;KEYWORDS;80
6.6.3;INTRODUCTION;80
6.6.4;MATERIALS AND METHODS;82
6.6.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;83
6.6.6;CONCLUSION;87
6.6.7;REFERENCES;87
6.7;CHAPTER 7.
DESIGN, INSTALLATION AND OPERATION OF A REGIONAL AIR QUALITY NETWORK IN THE FAJA PETROLIFERA DEL ORINOCO, VENEZUELA;90
6.7.1;ABSTRACT;90
6.7.2;KEYWORDS;90
6.7.3;INTRODUCTION;90
6.7.4;LOCATIONS OF THE STATIONS;91
6.7.5;DESCRIPTION OF STATIONS;93
6.7.6;PERSONNEL, TRAINING AND LOGISTICS;95
6.7.7;OTHER ASPECTS;97
6.7.8;CONCLUSIONS;97
7;PART 2: ORGANIC ANALYSIS;98
7.1;CHAPTER 8.
A MASTER ANALYTICAL SCHEME FOR ORGANICS IN WATER;98
7.1.1;ABSTRACT;98
7.1.2;KEYWORDS;98
7.1.3;INTRODUCTION;98
7.1.4;MAS PROCEDURES;99
7.1.5;QUALITY ASSURANCE;107
7.1.6;COST OF MAS ANALYSIS;109
7.1.7;CONCLUSIONS;109
7.1.8;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;109
7.1.9;REFERENCES;110
7.2;CHAPTER 9.
THE DETERMINATION OF ORGANICS IN DRINKING WATER;112
7.2.1;ABSTRACT;112
7.2.2;KEYWORDS;112
7.2.3;INTRODUCTION;112
7.2.4;METHODS;113
7.2.5;RESULTS;114
7.2.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;117
7.2.7;REFERENCES;117
7.3;CHAPTER 10.
ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC PRIORITY AND NON-PRIORITY POLLUTANTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES BY GC/MS/COMPUTER SYSTEMS;118
7.3.1;ABSTRACT;118
7.3.2;KEYWORDS;118
7.3.3;INTRODUCTION;118
7.3.4;EXPERIMENTAL;119
7.3.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;121
7.3.6;CONCLUSION;129
7.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;129
7.3.8;REFERENCES;129
7.4;CHAPTER 11.
THE COMPUTER AIDED INTERPRETATION OF MASS-SPECTRA OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN SURFACE WATER;130
7.4.1;ABSTRACT;130
7.4.2;KEYWORDS;130
7.4.3;INTRODUCTION;131
7.4.4;COMPUTER INTERFACED MASS-SPECTROMETER;131
7.4.5;INTERPRETATION OF MASS-SPECTRA BY COMPUTER;132
7.4.6;PURIFYING MASS-SPECTRA BY COMPUTER;135
7.4.7;REFERENCES;137
7.5;CHAPTER 12.
DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF WATER POLLUTANTS BY MEANS OF RESONANCE RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY;138
7.5.1;ABSTRACT;138
7.5.2;KEYWORDS;138
7.5.3;INTRODUCTION;138
7.5.4;EXPERIMENTAL;139
7.5.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;139
7.5.6;CONCLUSION;142
7.5.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;142
7.5.8;REFERENCES;142
7.6;CHAPTER 13.
ANALYSIS OF ALKOXYLATE TYPES OF NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS IN WATERS AND EFFLUENTS;144
7.6.1;ABSTRACT;144
7.6.2;KEYWORDS;144
7.6.3;INTRODUCTION;144
7.6.4;APPROACHES TO THE ANALYSIS OF ALKOXYLATES;145
7.6.5;AN EIECTROCHEMIGAL APPROACH;148
7.6.6;CONCLUSION;149
7.6.7;REFERENCES;150
7.7;CHAPTER 14.
THE LIGAND-EXCHANGE TECHNIQUE IN THE RECOVERY OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS FROM WATER;152
7.7.1;ABSTRACT;152
7.7.2;KEYWORDS;152
7.7.3;INTRODUCTION;152
7.7.4;EXPERIMENTAL;154
7.7.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;154
7.7.6;CONCLUSIONS;158
7.7.7;REFERENCES;158
7.8;CHAPTER 15.
STUDY OF ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS OF NATURAL WATERS BY OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS;160
7.8.1;ABSTRACT;160
7.8.2;KEYWORDS;160
7.8.3;INTRODUCTION;160
7.8.4;THEORETICAL BACKGROUND;161
7.8.5;DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT;163
7.8.6;APPLICATION OF MEASUREMENTS;165
7.8.7;REFERENCES;166
7.9;CHAPTER 16.
BIOASSAY OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES FOR CILIATED PROTOZOA;168
7.9.1;ABSTRACT;168
7.9.2;KEYWORDS;168
7.9.3;INTRODUCTION;168
7.9.4;EXPERIMENTAL;168
7.9.5;RESULTS;169
7.9.6;DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS;170
7.9.7;REFERENCES;173
7.10;CHAPTER 17.
EFFECT OF ACUTE ADMINISTRATION OF CHLORINATED WATER ON HYPOTHALAMIC NOREPINEPHRINE CONTENT;174
7.10.1;ABSTRACT;174
7.10.2;KEYWORDS;174
7.10.3;INTRODUCTION;174
7.10.4;METHODS AND MATERIALS;175
7.10.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;175
7.10.6;REFERENCES;178
7.11;CHAPTER 18.
DETECTION LIMITS IN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY;180
7.11.1;ABSTRACT;180
7.11.2;KEY WORDS;180
7.11.3;INTRODUCTION;180
7.11.4;DISCUSSION;180
7.11.5;REFERENCES;187
7.12;CHAPTER 19.
EVALUATION OF AN AUTOMATED HPLC SYSTEM HAVING MULTIPLE DETECTORS;188
7.12.1;ABSTRACT;188
7.12.2;KEYWORDS;188
7.12.3;INTRODUCTION;188
7.12.4;EXPERIMENTAL;189
7.12.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;193
7.12.6;CONCLUSIONS;202
7.12.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENT;203
7.12.8;REFERENCES;203
7.13;CHAPTER 20.
NEW SAMPLE HANDLING AND DETECTION TECHNIQUES FOR THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF POLLUTANTS;204
7.13.1;ABSTRACT;204
7.13.2;KEY WORDS;204
7.13.3;INTRODUCTION;205
7.13.4;ON-LINE SAMPLE HANDLING TECHNIQUES;207
7.13.5;DERIVATIZATION TECHNIQUES;209
7.13.6;CONCLUSIONS;211
7.13.7;REFERENCES;212
7.14;CHAPTER 21.
THE DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATIONS IN WORKPLACE ATMOSPHERES BY HIGH PERFORMANCELIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY;214
7.14.1;ABSTRACT;214
7.14.2;KEYWORDS;214
7.14.3;INTRODUCTION;214
7.14.4;EXPERIMENTAL;215
7.14.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;219
7.14.6;CONCLUSION;229
7.14.7;REFERENCES;229
7.15;CHAPTER 22.
COMBINATION OF HIGH PERFORMANCECHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBON POLLUTANTS IN MARINE BIOTA;232
7.15.1;ABSTRACT;232
7.15.2;KEY-WORDS;232
7.15.3;INTRODUCTION;232
7.15.4;EXPERIMENTAL;233
7.15.5;RESULTS - DISCUSSION;234
7.15.6;CONCLUSION;240
7.15.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;241
7.15.8;REFERENCES;241
7.16;CHAPTER 23.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF HERBICIDES IN SOIL AND WATER;242
7.16.1;ABSTRACT;242
7.16.2;KEYWORDS;242
7.16.3;INTRODUCTION;242
7.16.4;EXPERIMENTAL;243
7.16.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;244
7.16.6;REFERENCES;249
7.17;CHAPTER 24.
GASCHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF SEVERAL CYCLODIENE INSECTICIDES IN THE PRESENCE OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS BY PHOTOISOMERISATION REACTIONS;252
7.17.1;ABSTRACT;252
7.17.2;KEYWORDS;252
7.17.3;INTRODUCTION;252
7.17.4;EXPERIMENTAL;255
7.17.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;256
7.17.6;REFERENCES;258
7.18;CHAPTER 25.
ALGORITHMS FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF PCB's IN CHROMATOGRAMS OF ORGANOCHLORINATED CONTAMINANTS: APPLICATION TO SAMPLES OF SEDIMENTS AND MARINE ORGANISMS;260
7.18.1;ABSTRACT;260
7.18.2;KEYWORDS;260
7.18.3;INTRODUCTION;260
7.18.4;THEORETICAL;261
7.18.5;RESULTS;266
7.18.6;CONCLUSIONS;266
7.18.7;REFERENCES;269
7.19;CHAPTER 26.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF MUTAGENIC CHEMICAL SPECIES IN AIR PARTICULATE SAMPLES;270
7.19.1;ABSTRACT;270
7.19.2;KEYWORDS;270
7.19.3;INTRODUCTION;271
7.19.4;SAMPLING TECHNIQUES;272
7.19.5;EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES;272
7.19.6;FRACTIONATION;274
7.19.7;BIOASSAY SCREENING;275
7.19.8;IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICAL MUTAGENS;276
7.19.9;QUANTITATION OF CHEMICAL MUTAGENIC SPECIES;280
7.19.10;COMPONENT CONTRIBUTION TO TOTAL EXTRACT MUTAGENICITY;283
7.19.11;REFERENCES;289
7.20;CHAPTER 27.
SAMPLING AND DETERMINATION OF POLYCHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXINS, -DIBENZOFURANS AND THEIR PRECURSORS IN THE INCINERATION PROCESS OF URBAN WASTES;292
7.20.1;ABSTRACT;292
7.20.2;KEYWORDS;292
7.20.3;INTRODUCTION;292
7.20.4;EXPERIMENTAL;293
7.20.5;EXTRACTION;293
7.20.6;STACK SAMPLING;295
7.20.7;MEASURE OF INCINERATOR EMISSION;295
7.20.8;REFERENCES;297
7.21;CHAPTER 28.
TECHNIQUES FOR ATMOSPHERIC ANALYSIS;298
7.21.1;ABSTRACT;298
7.21.2;KEYWORDS;298
7.21.3;INTRODUCTION;299
7.21.4;PREPARATION OF CALIBRATION BLENDS;299
7.21.5;SORBENTS;300
7.21.6;DIFFUSIVE SAMPLERS;303
7.21.7;AUTOMATIC THERMAL DESORBER;306
7.21.8;CONCLUSIONS;306
7.21.9;REFERENCES;307
7.22;CHAPTER 29.
APPLICATION OF COLORIMETRIC TECHNIQUES TO THE MEASUREMENT OF AIR PESTICIDE CONTENT;308
7.22.1;ABSTRACT;308
7.22.2;KEYWORDS;308
7.22.3;INTRODUCTION;308
7.22.4;EXPERIMENTAL;308
7.22.5;RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS;309
7.22.6;REFERENCES;309
7.23;CHAPTER 30.
DETERMINATION OF PHENYLMERCURIC ACETATE IN AIR BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY;310
7.23.1;ABSTRACT;310
7.23.2;KEYWORDS;310
7.23.3;INTRODUCTION;310
7.23.4;EXPERIMENTAL;310
7.23.5;RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS;311
7.23.6;REFERENCES;311
8;PART 3:
INORGANIC ANALYSIS;312
8.1;CHAPTER 31.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL SPECIATION OF TRACE METALS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES;312
8.1.1;ABSTRACT;312
8.1.2;KEYWORDS;312
8.1.3;INTRODUCTION;312
8.1.4;EXPERIMENTAL;313
8.1.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;314
8.1.6;CONCLUSIONS;324
8.1.7;ACKNOWLEDGMENTS;324
8.1.8;REFERENCES;324
8.2;CHAPTER 32.
AUTOMATED ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS FOR DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES;326
8.2.1;ABSTRACT;326
8.2.2;KEYWORDS;326
8.2.3;INTRODUCTION;326
8.2.4;EXPERIMENTAL;327
8.2.5;THEORY;328
8.2.6;COMPUTER PROGRAM;332
8.2.7;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;332
8.2.8;CONCLUSION;335
8.2.9;REFERENCES;335
8.3;CHAPTER 33.
X-RAY SPECTROMETRY AS AN ANALYTICAL TOOL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS: PRESENT AND FUTURE USING Hgl2 DETECTORS;336
8.3.1;ABSTRACT;336
8.3.2;KEYWORDS;336
8.3.3;INTRODUCTION;336
8.3.4;EXPERIMENTAL;337
8.3.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;338
8.3.6;FUTURE OF ROOM TEMPERATURE EXDRF;339
8.3.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;341
8.3.8;REFERENCES;342
8.4;CHAPTER 34.
ANALYSIS OF MICROSAMPLES OF TOXIC DUSTS IN THE STEEL MAKINGINDUSTRY BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION;344
8.4.1;ABSTRACT;344
8.4.2;KEYWORDS;344
8.4.3;INTRODUCTION;344
8.4.4;EXPERIMENTAL;345
8.4.5;RESULTS;345
8.4.6;CONCLUSIONS;348
8.4.7;REFERENCES;348
8.5;CHAPTER 35.
TRACE ELEMENTS IN COAL BY X-RAY EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY;350
8.5.1;ABSTRACT;350
8.5.2;KEYWORDS;350
8.5.3;INTRODUCTION;350
8.5.4;EXPERIMENTAL;351
8.5.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;353
8.5.6;CONCLUSIONS;354
8.5.7;REFERENCES;355
8.6;CHAPTER 36.
LEACHABILITY STUDY FOR SOME HEAVY METALS FROM URBAN SOLID WASTE INCINERATORS BOTTOM ASH;356
8.6.1;ABSTRACT;356
8.6.2;KEYWORDS;356
8.6.3;INTRODUCTION;356
8.6.4;EXPERIMENTAL;357
8.6.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;360
8.6.6;REFERENCES;362
8.7;CHAPTER 37.
SOME STUDIES WITH INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS;364
8.7.1;ABSTRACT;364
8.7.2;KEYWORDS;364
8.7.3;INTRODUCTION;364
8.7.4;EXPERIMENTAL;365
8.7.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;367
8.7.6;DIRECT GRAPHITE ROD SAMPLE INTRODUCTION;368
8.7.7;HYDRIDE GENERATION INTO THE ICP;368
8.7.8;CONCLUSION;369
8.7.9;REFERENCES;369
8.7.10;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;369
8.8;CHAPTER 38.
THE USE OF INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES;374
8.8.1;ABSTRACT;374
8.8.2;KEY WORDS;374
8.8.3;ARSENIC IN PROCESS WATERS;375
8.8.4;SULFUR IN FUEL OILS;378
8.8.5;EXPERIMENTAL;378
8.8.6;RESULTS;379
8.9;CHAPTER 39.
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF 31 ELEMENTS IN LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS BY I C P;382
8.9.1;ABSTRACT;382
8.9.2;KEYWORDS;382
8.9.3;INTRODUCTION;382
8.9.4;EXPERIMENTAL;383
8.9.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;387
8.9.6;CONCLUSIONS;387
8.9.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;387
8.9.8;REFERENCES;387
8.10;CHAPTER 40. DETERMINATION OF ALUMINIUM IN RIVER WATER BY THE INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA —ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPIC (ICP — AES) TECHNIQUE;388
8.10.1;ABSTRACT;388
8.10.2;KEYWORDS;388
8.10.3;INTRODUCTION;388
8.10.4;EXPERIMENTAL;388
8.10.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;389
8.10.6;APPLICATION TO RIVER WATERS;391
8.10.7;REFERENCES;391
8.11;CHAPTER 41.
SOME NOVEL FUNCTIONAL RESINS FOR THE COLLECTION OF WATER POLLUTANTS;392
8.11.1;ABSTRACT;392
8.11.2;KEYWORDS;392
8.11.3;INTRODUCTION;392
8.11.4;EXPERIMENTAL;393
8.11.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;394
8.11.6;CONCLUSION;399
8.11.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;399
8.11.8;REFERENCES;399
8.12;CHAPTER 42.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF THE MARINE AEROSOLS USING THE RAMAN MICROPROBE MOLE;400
8.12.1;ABSTRACT;400
8.12.2;KEYWORDS;400
8.12.3;INTRODUCTION;400
8.12.4;EXPERIMENTAL;401
8.12.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;402
8.12.6;CONCLUSION;405
8.12.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;406
8.12.8;REFERENCE;406
8.13;CHAPTER 43.
ENVIRONMENTAL TRACE ANALYSES WITH THE STABILIZED TEMPERATURE PLATFORM FURNACE AND ZEEMAN BACKGROUND CORRECTION;408
8.13.1;ABSTRACT;408
8.13.2;KEYWORDS;408
8.13.3;INTRODUCTION;408
8.13.4;ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS;412
8.13.5;REFERENCES;415
8.14;CHAPTER 44.
FLAME AAS DETERMINATION OF ANTIMONY IN ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATES USING GENERATION OF THE COVALENT HYDRIDE;418
8.14.1;ABSTRACT;418
8.14.2;KEYWORDS;418
8.14.3;INTRODUCTION;418
8.14.4;EXPERIMENTAL;419
8.14.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;420
8.14.6;REFERENCES;423
8.15;CHAPTER 45.
DETERMINATION OF SUBMICROGRAM LEVELS OF MOLYBDENUM IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES BY PULSE POLAROGRAPHY;424
8.15.1;ABSTRACT;424
8.15.2;KEYWORDS;424
8.15.3;INTRODUCTION;424
8.15.4;EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS;425
8.15.5;CONCLUSION;428
8.15.6;REFERENCES;428
8.16;CHAPTER 46.
INEXPENSIVE ISEs WITH SOLID SENSOR COATINGS APPLIED TO ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE EPOXY;430
8.16.1;ABSTRACT;430
8.16.2;KEYWORDS;430
8.16.3;INTRODUCTION;430
8.16.4;EXPERIMENTAL;431
8.16.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;432
8.16.6;CONCLUSIONS;436
8.16.7;AKNOWLEDGEMENTS;436
8.16.8;REFERENCES;437
8.17;CHAPTER 47.
DETERMINATION OF PARTICULATE AND GASEOUS FLUORIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF VALLADOLID;438
8.17.1;ABSTRACT;438
8.17.2;KEYWORDS;438
8.17.3;INTRODUCTION;438
8.17.4;EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE;439
8.17.5;RESULTS;441
8.17.6;REFERENCES;443
8.18;CHAPTER 48.
CRITERIA FOR METHODOLOGY SELECTION IN METAL TRACE ANALYSIS;444
8.18.1;ABSTRACT;444
8.18.2;KEYWORDS;444
8.18.3;INTRODUCTION;444
8.18.4;TRENDS AND CRITERIA;445
8.18.5;REMARKS;455
8.18.6;REFERENCES;455
8.19;CHAPTER 49. SOME ASPECTS OF THE EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL REFERENCE SAMPLES — A LOOK AT THE MATERIAL HOMOGENEITY AND STATISTICAL APPROACHES FOR COLLABORATIVE TESTS;456
8.19.1;ABSTRACT;456
8.19.2;KEYWORDS;456
8.19.3;INTRODUCTION;456
8.19.4;REPRESENTATIVENESS;457
8.19.5;EVALUATION OF COLLABORATIVE TESTS;460
8.19.6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;463
8.19.7;REFERENCES;463
8.20;CHAPTER 50.
HEAVY METALS IN THE LOW-RHONE RIVER EFFECT ON THE GROUND WATER;464
8.20.1;ABSTRACT;464
8.20.2;KEYWORDS;464
8.20.3;INTRODUCTION;464
8.20.4;EXPERIMENTAL;465
8.20.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;466
8.20.6;CONCLUSION;469
8.20.7;ACKNOWLEDGEMENT;469
8.20.8;REFERENCES;469
8.21;CHAPTER 51.
HEAVY METALS IN THE SEDIMENTS OF THE BILBAO ESTUARY;470
8.21.1;ABSTRACT;470
8.21.2;KEYWORDS;470
8.21.3;INTRODUCTION;470
8.21.4;EXPERIMENTAL;471
8.21.5;RESULTS AND DISCUSSION;472
8.21.6;REFERENCES;474
9;INDEX;476