Altenbach Materials with Complex Behaviour

Modelling, Simulation, Testing, and Applications
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-12667-3
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 372 Seiten

Common engineering materials reach in many demanding applications such as automotive or aerospace their limits and new developments are required to ful ll increasing demands on performance and characteristics. The properties of ma- rials can be increased for example by combining different materials to achieve better properties than a single constituent or by shaping the material or c- stituents in a speci c structure. Many of these new materials reveal a much more complex behavior than traditional engineering materials due to their advanced str- ture or composition. Furthermore, the classical applications of many engineering materials are extended to new ranges of applications and to more demanding en- ronmental conditions such as elevated temperatures. All these tendencies require in addition to the synthesis of new materials, proper methods for their m- ufacturing and extensive programs for their characterization. In many elds of application, the development of new methods and processes must be acc- plished by accurate and reliable modeling and simulation techniques. Only the interaction between these new developments with regards to manufacturing, m- eling, characterization, further processing and monitoring of materials will allow to meet all demands and to introduce these developments in safety-relevant applications. The 3rd International Conference on Advanced Computational Engineering and Experimenting, ACE-X 2009, was held in Rome, Italy, from 22 to 23 June 2009 with a strong focus on the above mentioned developments.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Altenbach, Holm

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;9
4;Part I Materials and Properties;13
4.1;A Statistical Study on Stress-Strain Relation of AISI 304 Stainless Steel Under Elevated Temperatures;14
4.1.1;1 Introduction;14
4.1.2;2 Theory;15
4.1.2.1;2.1 Statistical Distribution of Strength;15
4.1.2.2;2.2 Stress-Strength Interference Model;15
4.1.3;3 Experimental Procedure;17
4.1.3.1;3.1 Material;17
4.1.3.2;3.2 Tensile Tests;18
4.1.4;4 Results and Discussion;19
4.1.4.1;4.1 Tensile Characteristics;19
4.1.4.2;4.2 Statistical Test Results at Elevated Temperatures;23
4.1.4.3;4.3 Use of Statistical Plot for Design;27
4.1.5;5 Conclusions;27
4.1.6;References;29
4.2;Interaction Between Concrete Cylinders and Shape-Memory Wires in the Achievement of Active Confinement;30
4.2.1;1 Introduction;30
4.2.2;2 Creating Forces with SMA;32
4.2.3;3 Experimental Set-Up;34
4.2.3.1;3.1 Materials;34
4.2.3.2;3.2 Specimen Preparation;36
4.2.3.3;3.3 Thermal Loading and Strain Measurement;37
4.2.4;4 Preliminary Tests;37
4.2.4.1;4.1 Determination of Concrete Characteristics;37
4.2.4.2;4.2 Determination of SMA Wire Characteristics;37
4.2.5;5 Testing of Wrapped Cylinders;39
4.2.5.1;5.1 Characteristics of Tested Specimens;39
4.2.5.2;5.2 Test Results;39
4.2.5.3;5.3 Post-processing of Strain Gauge Measurements;40
4.2.5.4;5.4 Effective Confinement Stress;42
4.2.6;6 Effect of the Curvature on the Recovery Stress;43
4.2.7;7 Conclusion;44
4.2.8;References;45
4.3;Mathematic Modeling of the Osprey Process;46
4.3.1;1 Introduction;46
4.3.2;2 Model Formulation;47
4.3.2.1;2.1 Modeling of the Melt Flow Rate;47
4.3.2.2;2.2 Modeling of Gas Flow;49
4.3.2.3;2.3 Modeling of the Droplets Velocity;50
4.3.2.4;2.4 Modeling of the Droplets Heat Transfer;51
4.3.3;3 Conclusions;54
4.3.4;4 List of Symbols;54
4.3.5;References;55
4.4;Cyclic-Bend-Over-Sheave Fatigue Testing of an Umbilical for Oil Production in Ultra-Deep Waters;57
4.4.1;1 Introduction;57
4.4.2;2 Fatigue Tests;59
4.4.3;3 Numerical Analysis;61
4.4.3.1;3.1 Calculus Hypothesis;61
4.4.3.1.1;3.1.1 Plastic Layers;61
4.4.3.1.2;3.1.2 Steel Armors;62
4.4.3.1.3;3.1.3 Electric-Optic Nucleus;62
4.4.3.1.4;3.1.4 Contact;62
4.4.3.1.5;3.1.5 Friction;63
4.4.3.1.6;3.1.6 Model Geometry;63
4.4.3.1.7;3.1.7 Model Mesh;63
4.4.3.1.8;3.1.8 Model Loading Conditions;64
4.4.4;4 Results;64
4.4.5;5 Conclusions;65
4.4.6;References;66
4.5;Dynamic Crack Propagation in Composite Structures;67
4.5.1;1 Introduction;67
4.5.2;2 Formulation of the Damage Model;69
4.5.3;3 ALE Formulations: Description of the Motion and Notation;70
4.5.4;4 Governing Equations for Laminated Structures;72
4.5.5;5 Dynamic Energy Release Rate and Crack Growth Criterion;76
4.5.6;6 Governing Equations for ALE Formulation;78
4.5.7;7 Finite Element Approximation;80
4.5.8;8 Results;83
4.5.9;9 Conclusion;90
4.5.10;References;90
4.6;Computational Analysis of LoadingUnloading and Non-homogeneity Effects in Metallic Hollow Sphere Structures;92
4.6.1;1 Introduction;92
4.6.2;2 Gurson Damage Model;93
4.6.3;3 LoadingUnloading Analysis of a Single Sphere;96
4.6.4;4 MHSS Analysis;98
4.6.4.1;4.1 Partial Geometry: Single and Multi-cell Models;101
4.6.4.2;4.2 Spheres with Non-homogeneous Properties;102
4.6.4.3;4.3 Syntactic Material: Use of Drucker--Prager Model for the Resin;104
4.6.5;5 Conclusions and Final Remarks;104
4.6.6;References;105
4.7;Dielectric Spectra Analysis: Reliable Parameter Estimation Using Interval Analysis;107
4.7.1;1 Introduction;107
4.7.1.1;1.1 The Dielectric Spectroscopy and Its Models;108
4.7.1.1.1;1.1.1 Relaxations;108
4.7.1.1.2;1.1.2 DC-Conductivity;108
4.7.1.1.3;1.1.3 Polarization at Electrodes and Phase Boundaries;109
4.7.1.2;1.2 Modeling Problems: Simultaneous Fit and Choice of the Model;110
4.7.2;2 Data Fit Methods: From Least Square Approximation to the Interval Analysis;111
4.7.2.1;2.1 Introduction;111
4.7.2.2;2.2 The Least Square Approximation;113
4.7.2.3;2.3 The Interval Analysis;114
4.7.2.4;2.4 Data Fit and Set Inversion;116
4.7.3;3 From S.I.V.I.A. to S.A.D.E.;118
4.7.3.1;3.1 Contractor;118
4.7.3.2;3.2 Set Inversion Via Interval Analysis (SIVIA);120
4.7.3.3;3.3 How to Modify S.I.V.I.A. for Dielectric Spectroscopy;122
4.7.3.3.1;3.3.1 Returned Values;122
4.7.3.3.2;3.3.2 Dealing with Symmetry;123
4.7.3.3.3;3.3.3 Bisection;124
4.7.3.4;3.4 S.A.D.E. Algorithm;125
4.7.4;4 S.A.D.E. Examples;125
4.7.4.1;4.1 A First Test by Using Home-Made Data;125
4.7.4.2;4.2 Test with Real Experimental Curves;126
4.7.4.2.1;4.2.1 Experimental Details;126
4.7.4.2.2;4.2.2 Application of S.A.D.E. to Multiple Relaxations Data;127
4.7.4.2.3;4.2.3 Application of S.A.D.E. to the Global Problem: Data with Relaxations, Conductivity and Electrode Polarization;128
4.7.5;5 Conclusion;130
4.7.6;References;131
5;Part II Modeling and Simulation of Non-classical Materials and Structures;132
5.1;Numerical Modeling of Complex Structures: Shells and Biological Cells;133
5.1.1;1 A Refined Shell Finite Element;133
5.1.1.1;1.1 Introduction;133
5.1.1.2;1.2 Theoretical Formulation;134
5.1.1.3;1.3 Numerical Results;136
5.1.2;2 Constitutive Modeling of Biological Cell;139
5.1.2.1;2.1 Introduction;139
5.1.2.2;2.2 Homogenization of Cell Structure;140
5.1.3;3 Conclusions;142
5.1.4;References;143
5.2;Free Vibration Characteristics of Thermally LoadedCylindrical Shell;144
5.2.1;1 Introduction;144
5.2.2;2 Experimental Procedure;145
5.2.2.1;2.1 Test Specimen;145
5.2.2.2;2.2 Test Configuration;146
5.2.2.2.1;2.2.1 Heating System;147
5.2.2.2.2;2.2.2 Data Acquisition System;147
5.2.2.2.3;2.2.3 The Vibration Control System;147
5.2.3;3 Modal Test;148
5.2.4;4 Vibration Analysis;148
5.2.5;5 Results and Discussion;149
5.2.6;6 Conclusions;152
5.2.7;References;152
5.3;Model of Large Displacements in Static Analysis of Shell;154
5.3.1;1 Introduction;154
5.3.2;2 Large Displacements Model;155
5.3.3;3 Spatial Model and Finite Elements;159
5.3.4;4 Material Model;159
5.3.5;5 Some Calculation Aspects;160
5.3.6;6 Verification of a Presented Numerical Model;161
5.3.6.1;6.1 Example 1;162
5.3.6.2;6.2 Example 2;163
5.3.6.3;6.3 Example 3;166
5.3.7;7 Conclusion;167
5.3.8;References;167
5.4;Nonlinear Time-Dependent Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Shells;169
5.4.1;1 Introduction;169
5.4.2;2 Description of the Tendon Geometry;169
5.4.3;3 Transfer of the Prestressing from the Tendon to the Concrete;171
5.4.4;4 Numerical Modelling the Losses of the Prestressing Force;172
5.4.4.1;4.1 Losses of the Prestressing Force Caused by Friction;172
5.4.4.2;4.2 Losses of the Prestressing Force Caused by Sliding of the Anchorage;173
5.4.4.3;4.3 Losses of the Prestressing Force Caused by Instantaneous Concrete Strain;174
5.4.4.4;4.4 Losses of the Prestressing Force Caused by Prestressing Steel Relaxation;175
5.4.4.5;4.5 Losses of the Prestressing Force Caused by Shrinkage and Creep of Concrete;176
5.4.5;5 Numerical Procedure for Analysis of the Prestressing Structures;176
5.4.6;6 Example;179
5.4.7;7 Conclusion;181
5.4.8;References;182
5.5;DBEM and FEM Analysis of an Extrusion Press Fatigue Failure;184
5.5.1;1 Introduction;184
5.5.2;2 Problem Description and DBEM Analysis;184
5.5.3;3 FEM Results;190
5.5.4;4 Comparison of FEM and DBEM Results;192
5.5.5;5 Conclusions;192
5.5.6;References;194
5.6;Damage Detections in Nonlinear Vibrating Thermally Loaded Plates;195
5.6.1;1 Introduction;195
5.6.2;2 Theoretical Model;197
5.6.2.1;2.1 Geometrical Relationships;198
5.6.2.2;2.2 Constitutive Equations;198
5.6.2.3;2.3 Equations of Motion;199
5.6.2.4;2.4 Boundary and Initial Conditions;200
5.6.3;3 Solution of the Problem;200
5.6.3.1;3.1 Reorganizing the Equations of the Plate Motion;200
5.6.3.2;3.2 Numerical Approach;201
5.6.4;4 Damage Identification Technique;203
5.6.5;5 Results and Discussions;204
5.6.6;6 Conclusions;212
5.6.7;References;212
5.7;Macroscopic Stability Analysis in Periodic Composite Solids;214
5.7.1;1 Introduction;214
5.7.2;2 Theoretical Analysis;216
5.7.2.1;2.1 Basic Equations of Homogenization: Microscopic and Macroscopic Variables;217
5.7.2.2;2.2 Incremental Macroscopic Response;219
5.7.2.3;2.3 Variational Formulation for Hyperelastic Materials;221
5.7.2.4;2.4 Stability Analysis of the Microstructure;222
5.7.2.5;2.5 Macroscopic Stability Analysis;226
5.7.2.6;2.6 Conjugated Macroscopic Stability Measures;227
5.7.3;3 Numerical Results;229
5.7.3.1;3.1 Computational Implementation;229
5.7.3.2;3.2 Constitutive and Microgeometry Models;231
5.7.3.3;3.3 Microscopic and Macroscopic Primary Instabilities;233
5.7.3.3.1;3.3.1 Homogeneous Microstructure;233
5.7.3.3.2;3.3.2 Cellular Microstructure;234
5.7.3.3.3;3.3.3 Particle Reinforced Microstructure;238
5.7.4;4 Conclusions and Discussion;241
5.7.5;References;242
5.8;Finite Element Vibration Analysis of MHSS Based on 3D Tomography Image Processing;244
5.8.1;1 Introduction;244
5.8.2;2 Vibration Analysis;245
5.8.3;3 Finite Element Modeling;245
5.8.3.1;3.1 Detailed Modeling;246
5.8.3.2;3.2 Homogenization and Unit Cell Method;247
5.8.3.3;3.3 Proper Model;247
5.8.4;4 Modeling Based on Image Processing;248
5.8.4.1;4.1 Computed Tomography;248
5.8.4.2;4.2 Gradient Based Method for Detecting Spheres;248
5.8.4.3;4.3 FE Model Based on Real Structure;251
5.8.5;5 Experimental Vibration Analysis;252
5.8.6;6 Validation;253
5.8.7;7 Modeling Improvements;254
5.8.8;8 Conclusion;254
5.8.9;References;256
5.9;Computational Modelling and Experimental Characterisation of Heterogeneous Materials;258
5.9.1;1 Introduction;258
5.9.1.1;1.1 Generalized Elastic Continuum Theories;258
5.9.1.2;1.2 Experimental Determination of Constitutive Properties;259
5.9.1.3;1.3 Numerical Determination of Constitutive Properties;259
5.9.1.4;1.4 Numerical Modelling;260
5.9.1.5;1.5 Objective;260
5.9.2;2 Micropolar Elasticity;260
5.9.3;3 Micropolar Beam Element;262
5.9.4;4 Experimental and Numerical Results;262
5.9.5;5 Discussion;267
5.9.6;6 Conclusion;268
5.9.7;7 Appendix: Micropolar Beam Derivation;268
5.9.8;References;269
5.10;Model Experiment and Numerical Modelling of Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction;270
5.10.1;1 Introduction;270
5.10.2;2 Model Shaking Test;271
5.10.3;3 Numerical Simulation;272
5.10.3.1;3.1 Finite Element Modelling;272
5.10.3.2;3.2 Simulated Earth Pressure and Displacement of Underground Structure;274
5.10.4;4 Conclusions;276
5.10.5;References;277
6;Part III New Technologies;278
6.1;The Laser Butt Welding Simulation of the Thin Sheet Metal;279
6.1.1;1 Introduction;279
6.1.2;2 Simulation of Bead on Plate;280
6.1.2.1;2.1 Calculation Method;280
6.1.2.2;2.2 Calculation Model of Bead on Plate;281
6.1.2.3;2.3 Calculation and Experimental Results of Bead on Plate;282
6.1.3;3 Simulation of Butt Welding;286
6.1.3.1;3.1 Calculation Model of Butt Welding;286
6.1.3.2;3.2 Calculation and Experimental Results of Butt Welding;287
6.1.4;4 Discussion of the Results;294
6.1.5;5 Conclusions;295
6.1.6;References;296
6.2;Laser Drilling Simulation Considering Multiple Reflection of Laser, Evaporation and Melt Flow;297
6.2.1;1 Introduction;297
6.2.2;2 Analysis Method;298
6.2.2.1;2.1 Governing Equations of the Thermohydrodynamics [7];298
6.2.2.2;2.2 Calculation of Free Surface;298
6.2.2.2.1;2.2.1 VOF Method and Advection Calculation;298
6.2.2.2.2;2.2.2 Treatment of Surface Tension;299
6.2.2.3;2.3 Vaporization Model and Evaporation Recoil Pressure;299
6.2.2.4;2.4 Computational Algorithm;300
6.2.3;3 Analysis Results;302
6.2.3.1;3.1 Analysis Condition;302
6.2.3.2;3.2 Hole Formation Process;303
6.2.3.3;3.3 Time Variation of Laser Power Distribution Absorbed at Wall Surface;303
6.2.3.4;3.4 Relationship between Hole Depth and Absorptance;306
6.2.3.5;3.5 Time Variation of Velocity Distribution in the Process of Hole Formation;307
6.2.3.6;3.6 Effect of Material on Hole Shape;308
6.2.4;4 Conclusion;308
6.2.5;References;309
6.3;Effect of Flight Spectrum Loads on the Damage Tolerance Evaluation of a Helicopter Frame;311
6.3.1;1 Introduction;311
6.3.2;2 The FE Model;315
6.3.2.1;2.1 Experimental Validation of the Model;319
6.3.2.2;2.2 Analysis of the Cracked Structure;321
6.3.3;3 Crack Propagation Analysis in Rear Fuselage;323
6.3.4;4 Conclusions;327
6.3.5;References;328
6.4;Effects of Manufacturing-Induced Residual Stresses and Strains on Hydrogen Embrittlement of Cold Drawn Steels;330
6.4.1;1 Introduction;330
6.4.2;2 Background Theory of Hydrogen Induced Fracture in Metals;330
6.4.3;3 Residual Stresses and Plastic Strains Due to Cold Drawing;332
6.4.4;4 Hydrogen Accumulation in Cold Drawn Steel Wires;334
6.4.5;5 Conclusions;339
6.4.6;References;340
6.5;Hybrid Bonding of Advanced High Strength Steels in the Lightweight Body Shell Design for the Automobile Manufacturing;341
6.5.1;1 Introduction;341
6.5.2;2 Conditions for the Application of the Weldbonding Process;342
6.5.2.1;2.1 Welding Equipment;342
6.5.2.2;2.2 Applied Adhesives;343
6.5.2.3;2.3 Advanced High Strength Steels;344
6.5.2.3.1;2.3.1 Grades of Advanced High Strength Steels;344
6.5.3;3 Process Reliability of the Weldbonding Process;346
6.5.3.1;3.1 Welding Current Ranges and Process Reliability;346
6.5.3.2;3.2 Welding Current Ranges of the Weldbonding Process;347
6.5.4;4 Mechanical Properties of Weldbonded Sheets of AHSS;355
6.5.5;5 Metallurgical and Fracture Behaviour of Weldbonded Joints;361
6.5.6;6 Summary;367
6.5.7;References;369