Ambastha / Gopalswamy / Hasan Heliophysical Processes

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-11341-3
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 310 Seiten

An outgrowth of the first Asia-Pacific Regional School on the International Heliophysical Year (IHY), this volume contains a collection of review articles describing the universal physical processes in the heliospace influenced by solar electromagnetic and mass emissions. The Sun affects the heliosphere in the short term (space weather) and in the long term (space climate) through numerous physical processes that exhibit similarities in various spatial domains of the heliosphere. The articles take into account various aspects of the Sun-heliosphere connection under a systems approach. This volume will serve as a ready reference work for research in the emerging field of heliophysics, which describes the physical processes taking place in the physical space controlled by the Sun out to the local interstellar medium.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ambastha, Ashok

Gopalswamy, Nat

Gopalswamy, Natchimuthuk

Hasan, Siraj

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;List of Contributors;9
4;The Sun in the Universe;11
4.1;1 Introduction;11
4.2;2 Solar Flares;12
4.3;3 Effects of Solar Radiation;13
4.3.1;3.1 Solar Radiation Propulsion: Solar Sail;13
4.3.2;3.2 Solar Twins;14
4.4;4 Distance to Sun;14
4.5;5 Newton and the Density of the Sun;14
4.6;6 The Sun and Olber's Paradox;14
4.7;7 Discovery of Helium;15
4.8;8 Gold in the Sun;16
4.9;9 Cosmic Power Houses;16
4.10;10 Most Energetic Objects in the Universe;17
4.11;11 Nuclear Reactions in the Solar Core;17
4.12;12 Supernova Neutrinos;18
4.13;13 Sudbury Heavy Water Neutrino Detector (SNO);19
4.14;14 Some Subtleties of Solar Nuclear Reactions;19
4.15;15 Search for Solar Axions;20
4.16;16 Axions and CAST;21
4.17;17 Why is the Sun Getting More Luminous?;21
4.18;18 Solar Evolution from ZAMS;21
4.18.1;18.1 Five Phases of Sun's Evolution;22
4.19;19 Fate of Other Stars;23
4.20;20 Concluding Remarks;23
4.21;References;24
5;Solar Interior;25
5.1;1 Introduction;25
5.2;2 Solar Modeling Procedure;25
5.2.1;2.1 Basic Equations of Solar Structure;26
5.2.2;2.2 Energy Production;27
5.2.3;2.3 Energy Transport Through the Solar Interior;28
5.3;3 Standard Solar Model;29
5.4;4 Solar Neutrinos;29
5.4.1;4.1 Non-Standard Solar Models;33
5.4.2;4.2 Origin of Neutrino Problem in Non-Solar Effects?;33
5.5;5 Solar Oscillations;34
5.5.1;5.1 Helioseismology: The Science of the Ringing Sun;35
5.5.2;5.2 Solar Global Modes of Oscillation;36
5.5.3;5.3 Trapping of the Modes;36
5.5.4;5.4 Solar Dispersion Relation: The l– Diagram;38
5.5.5;5.5 Observational Requirements and the Instruments;39
5.5.6;5.6 The Analysis Techniques;40
5.6;6 Inferences From the Global Helioseismic Data;40
5.6.1;6.1 Solar Radius, Density and Base of the Convection Zone;41
5.6.2;6.2 Solar Internal Rotation and the ``Tachocline'';42
5.7;7 Local Helioseismology;43
5.8;8 Summary;43
5.9;References;43
6;Dynamo Processes;45
6.1;1 Introduction: Magnetic Fields in the Heliosphere;45
6.2;2 Magnetohydrodynamics: Basic Theoretical Ideas;46
6.2.1;2.1 Magnetic Reynolds Number;48
6.2.2;2.2 Magnetic Diffusion;49
6.2.3;2.3 Concept of Flux Freezing;49
6.2.4;2.4 Magnetic Buoyancy;50
6.3;3 Formulating of the Kinematic Mean-Field Dynamo Problem;51
6.3.1;3.1 Evolution Equations for the Poloidal and Toroidal Fields;53
6.3.2;3.2 Efficiency of the Dynamo Process: Dynamo Numbers;55
6.4;4 Application to the Sun: The Solar Dynamo;56
6.4.1;4.1 Solar Magnetic Fields;56
6.4.2;4.2 Large-Scale Solar Flows;57
6.4.3;4.3 Understanding the Solar Cycle;59
6.5;5 Concluding Remarks;61
6.6;References;62
7;Large-Scale Solar Eruptions;63
7.1;1 Introduction;63
7.2;2 A Large-Scale Eruption Illustrated;64
7.3;3 CME Properties;70
7.4;4 CMEs and Flares;71
7.5;5 CMEs, Shocks, Type II Bursts, and SEPs;74
7.6;6 CMEs and Geomagnetic Storms;77
7.6.1;6.1 Halo CMEs;77
7.6.2;6.2 Geoeffective CMEs;78
7.7;7 Summary;79
7.8;References;80
8;Solar Energetic Particles: Acceleration and Observations;82
8.1;1 What are Solar Energetic Particles?;82
8.2;2 Observations of SEPs;84
8.2.1;2.1 Proton Observations;84
8.2.2;2.2 Neutron Observations;85
8.2.3;2.3 Gamma-Ray Observations;86
8.3;3 Acceleration, Emission and Transport of SEPs;86
8.3.1;3.1 Acceleration of SEPs;86
8.3.2;3.2 Transport of SEPs;87
8.3.3;3.3 Emission of Neutral particles;88
8.4;4 Summary;88
8.5;References;90
9;The Solar Wind and Its Interaction with the Interstellar Medium;91
9.1;1 Introduction and Basic Concepts;91
9.2;2 History;93
9.3;3 Solar Wind Basics;94
9.4;4 Radial Evolution of the Solar Wind;97
9.5;5 Obstacles in the Solar Wind;99
9.6;References;104
10;Reconnection Process in the Sun and Heliosphere;107
10.1;1 Introduction;107
10.1.1;1.1 Basic Reconnection Process;109
10.2;2 Reconnection Models;112
10.2.1;2.1 Sweet–Parker Model;112
10.2.2;2.2 Petschek Model;114
10.2.3;2.3 Spontaneous Reconnection or Patchy Reconnection;116
10.2.4;2.4 Collisionless Tearing Mode;117
10.3;3 Role of Magnetic Reconnection in Solar Flares;118
10.3.1;3.1 Reconnection Between Emerging Flux and Coronal Field;122
10.3.2;3.2 Recent Simulation and Present Status of Theoretical Understanding;122
10.3.3;3.3 Scale-Matching Between Macro and the Micro Features or Scales;123
10.3.4;3.4 Turbulent Structure in the Magnetic Reconnection Jet;123
10.3.5;3.5 Reconnection in Heliospheric Current Sheet;124
10.4;4 Summary;125
10.5;References;125
11;MHD Fluctuations in the Heliosphere;127
11.1;1 Introduction;127
11.2;2 Alfvénic Fluctuations;129
11.3;3 Magnetic Variations;130
11.4;4 Turbulence in Low-Latitude Wind;133
11.5;5 Turbulence in Polar Wind;135
11.6;6 Solar Wind Turbulence Models;137
11.6.1;6.1 Models for Low-Latitude Turbulence;138
11.6.2;6.2 Models for Polar Turbulence;140
11.7;7 Final Remarks;142
11.8;References;143
12;Radio Emission Processes: Parts I and II;145
12.1;1 Introduction;145
12.2;2 Bremsstrahlung;145
12.3;3 Gyro-Emission;149
12.4;4 Synchrotron Emission;149
12.4.1;4.1 Synchrotron Spectrum;151
12.5;5 Summary;152
12.6;References;152
12.7;1 Plasma Emission;153
12.8;2 Electron Cyclotron Maser Emission;156
12.9;3 Summary;158
12.10;References;159
13;Elemental and Charge State Composition in the Heliosphere;160
13.1;1 Introduction: Why Composition and Q-State?;160
13.2;2 Key Composition Parameters;162
13.3;3 Techniques for Solar Wind and Suprathermals;163
13.3.1;3.1 Electrostatic Analyzers;163
13.3.2;3.2 Time-of-Flight Spectrometers;164
13.3.3;3.3 High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Spectrometers;165
13.4;4 Key Composition Observations in the Solar Wind;166
13.4.1;4.1 The FIP Effect;166
13.4.2;4.2 Isotope Fractionation;166
13.4.3;4.3 Implantation of Singly Charged Pickup Ions;167
13.5;5 Techniques for Composition of Energetic Ions;168
13.5.1;5.1 E– E Telescopes;168
13.5.2;5.2 Ionic Charge State Measurement at High Energies;170
13.6;6 Key Observations with Energetic Particles;171
13.6.1;6.1 Elemental and Isotopic Composition;171
13.6.1.1;6.1.1 Gradual SEPs;171
13.6.1.2;6.1.2 Impulsive SEPs;172
13.6.2;6.2 Ionic Charge States;173
13.6.2.1;6.2.1 Energy Dependence of Q;173
13.6.3;6.3 Sources and Fractionation in Interplanetary Space;174
13.7;7 Summary and Conclusions;175
13.8;References;176
14;Planetary Atmospheres;177
14.1;1 The Planets;177
14.2;2 Atmospheric Divisions in Terms of Temperature Structure;180
14.2.1;2.1 Troposphere;180
14.2.2;2.2 Stratosphere;181
14.2.3;2.3 Mesosphere;182
14.2.4;2.4 Thermosphere;182
14.2.5;2.5 Exosphere;183
14.3;3 Other Divisions;184
14.3.1;3.1 Ionosphere;184
14.3.2;3.2 Magnetosphere;184
14.4;4 Terrestrial Gravity;185
14.5;5 Hydrostatic (Barometric Equation);185
14.6;6 Escape of Atmospheric Gases;186
14.7;7 Diffusion;188
14.8;8 Atmospheric Dynamics;192
14.8.1;8.1 Equations of Motion;193
14.8.2;8.2 Geostrophic Approximation;194
14.8.3;8.3 Cyclostrophic Motion;194
14.8.4;8.4 Equation of Continuity;194
14.8.5;8.5 Equation of State;195
14.8.6;8.6 General Circulation;195
14.8.7;8.7 Thermospheric Winds;195
14.9;9 Other Planetary Atmospheres;197
14.10;References;200
15;Planetary Ionospheres;201
15.1;1 Introduction;201
15.2;2 Ionospheric Structure;202
15.3;3 Conservation Laws;202
15.4;4 Theory of Photoionization;205
15.4.1;4.1 Simplified Production Function;205
15.4.2;4.2 Gracing Incidence and Generalized Production Function;206
15.4.3;4.3 Optical Depth and Ionization Potential;207
15.4.4;4.4 Chemical Loss of Ionization;209
15.4.5;4.5 Formation of Ionospheric Regions;209
15.4.6;4.6 Formation of F1 Layer;210
15.4.7;4.7 Plasma Diffusion and F2 Layer;210
15.4.7.1;4.7.1 Effect of Geomagnetic Field;211
15.4.7.2;4.7.2 F2 Layer;212
15.4.8;4.8 Effect of Neutral Wind and Electric Field;212
15.4.8.1;4.8.1 F3 Layer;213
15.5;5 Ionospheric Electric Fields and Currents;214
15.5.1;5.1 Dynamo Theory;214
15.5.1.1;5.1.1 Ion and Electron Velocities;214
15.5.2;5.2 Ionospheric Conductivities;215
15.5.2.1;5.2.1 Spatial Variation of Conductivity and Electrojets;217
15.6;6 Ionospheric Variations and Irregularities;218
15.7;References;219
16;Planetary Magnetospheres;220
16.1;1 Past;220
16.2;2 Present;221
16.2.1;2.1 Magnetization;223
16.2.2;2.2 Magnetosphere in 3D;224
16.2.3;2.3 Reconnexion;225
16.2.4;2.4 Turbulence and Acceleration;226
16.2.5;2.5 Rotation and Circulation;228
16.2.6;2.6 Magnetotail and Space Storms;229
16.3;3 Future;231
16.4;Further Reading;232
17;The Sun and Space Weather;237
17.1;1 Definition of Space Weather and Some Examples;237
17.1.1;1.1 Definition;237
17.1.2;1.2 Space Weather Customers;238
17.2;2 Some MHD Basics;239
17.2.1;2.1 The Lorentz Force;239
17.2.2;2.2 Charged Particles and Fields;239
17.2.3;2.3 Magnetic Mirror;240
17.2.4;2.4 Earth's Magnetic Field;240
17.3;3 Solar Energetic Phenomena;243
17.3.1;3.1 Active Regions;243
17.3.2;3.2 Flares and CMEs;244
17.3.3;3.3 Solar Wind and Interplanetary Magnetic Field;246
17.4;4 Solar Radiation and Particles;246
17.4.1;4.1 Solar Irradiance;246
17.4.2;4.2 Solar Energetic Radiation;247
17.4.3;4.3 Particles;247
17.4.4;4.4 Space Climate;248
17.5;5 Space Weather and Damage;249
17.5.1;5.1 Effects of Radiation on Biological Systems;249
17.5.2;5.2 Surface Charging;250
17.5.3;5.3 Solar Activity and Satellite Lifetimes;251
17.5.4;5.4 Some Examples of Space Weather Damage;251
17.5.5;5.5 Geomagnetically Induced Currents;252
17.6;References;253
18;Sun: Climate Coupling on Sub-Decadal to Multi-Millennial Time Scales;254
18.1;1 Introduction;254
18.2;2 Variable Sun;255
18.3;3 Solar Spectral Variability;257
18.4;4 Records of Past Solar Activity;258
18.4.1;4.1 14 C Record;259
18.4.1.1;4.1.1 Geomagnetic Influence on 14C Production;259
18.4.1.2;4.1.2 Effect of Climatic Variations on Transport and Storage of 14C;260
18.4.2;4.2 10Be Record;261
18.5;5 Sun and Terrestrial Climate Variations: Causal Mechanisms;262
18.6;6 Solar Influence on Monsoon;265
18.7;7 Conclusion;267
18.8;References;268
19;The Planetary X-ray Emission;273
19.1;1 Introduction;273
19.2;2 Processes of Planetary X-ray Production;275
19.3;3 Electron Collision: Line and Bremsstrahlung Emission;276
19.4;4 Solar Photon Scattering and Fluorescence from Planetary Atmospheres and Surfaces;277
19.5;5 Charge Exchange of Highly Ionized Heavy Solar Wind Ions;278
19.6;6 Charge Exchange and Direct Collisional Excitation of Very Energetic Heavy Ions;278
19.7;7 Summary;279
19.8;References;283