Amendt / Goff / Grassberger Current Concepts in Forensic Entomology

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4020-9684-6
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 376 Seiten

Forensic Entomology deals with the use of insects and other arthropods in medico legal investigations. We are sure that many people know this or a similar definition, maybe even already read a scientific or popular book dealing with this topic. So, do we really need another book on Forensic Entomology? The answer is 13, 29, 31, 38, and 61. These are not some golden bingo numbers, but an excerpt of the increasing amount of annual publications in the current decade dealing with Forensic Entomology. Comparing them with 89 articles which were published d- ing the 1990s it illustrates the growing interest in this very special intersection of Forensic Science and Entomology and clearly underlines the statement: Yes, we need this book because Forensic Entomology is on the move with so many new things happening every year. One of the most attractive features of Forensic Entomology is that it is multid- ciplinary. There is almost no branch in natural science which cannot find its field of activity here. The chapters included in this book highlight this variety of researches and would like to give the impetus for future work, improving the dev- opment of Forensic Entomology, which is clearly needed by the scientific com- nity. On its way to the courtrooms of the world this discipline needs a sound and serious scientific background to receive the acceptance it deserves.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Amendt, Jens

Goff, M.Lee

Grassberger, Martin

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Chapter 1;9
3.1;Early Postmortem Changes and Stages of Decomposition;9
3.1.1;1.1 Introduction;9
3.1.2;1.2 Early Postmortem Changes;11
3.1.2.1;1.2.1 Livor Mortis;11
3.1.2.2;1.2.2 Rigor Mortis;12
3.1.2.3;1.2.3 Algor Mortis;13
3.1.2.4;1.2.4 Tache Noir;14
3.1.2.5;1.2.5 Greenish Discoloration;14
3.1.2.6;1.2.6 Marbling;14
3.1.2.7;1.2.7 Skin Slippage;15
3.1.2.8;1.2.8 Mummification;16
3.1.2.9;1.2.9 Saponification;16
3.1.2.10;1.2.10 Putrefaction;16
3.1.3;1.3 Decomposers;17
3.1.3.1;1.3.1 Bacteria;17
3.1.3.2;1.3.2 Fungi/Molds;18
3.1.3.3;1.3.3 Insects;18
3.1.3.4;1.3.4 Vertebrate Scavengers;18
3.1.4;1.4 Factors Delaying Decomposition;18
3.1.4.1;1.4.1 Physical Barriers;18
3.1.4.2;1.4.2 Chemical Barriers;19
3.1.4.3;1.4.3 Climatic Factors;19
3.1.5;1.5 Relationships of Insects to a Body;19
3.1.5.1;1.5.1 Necrophagous Species;20
3.1.5.2;1.5.2 Predators and Parasites of Necrophagous Species;21
3.1.5.3;1.5.3 Omnivorous Species;21
3.1.5.4;1.5.4 Adventive Species;23
3.1.5.5;1.5.5 Accidentals;23
3.1.6;1.6 Stages of Decomposition;23
3.1.6.1;1.6.1 Numbers of Stages;23
3.1.6.2;1.6.2 Fresh Stage;24
3.1.6.3;1.6.3 Bloated Stage;25
3.1.6.4;1.6.4 Decay Stage;25
3.1.6.5;1.6.5 Postdecay Stage;26
3.1.6.6;1.6.6 Skeletal/Remains Stage;27
3.1.7;1.7 Protocol for Decomposition Studies;29
3.1.7.1;1.7.1 Animal Model;29
3.1.7.2;1.7.2 Arrangement of the Animals at the Site;29
3.1.7.3;1.7.3 Climatic Data;30
3.1.7.4;1.7.4 Sampling;30
3.1.7.5;1.7.5 Identifications;31
4;Chapter 2;33
4.1;Keys for Identification of Immature Insects;33
4.1.1;2.1 Introduction;33
4.1.2;2.2 Anatomical Features of Dipteran Immature Stages;33
4.1.2.1;2.2.1 Egg Morphology;34
4.1.2.2;2.2.2 Larval Morphology;34
4.1.2.3;2.2.3 Puparium Morphology;36
4.1.3;2.3 Taxonomic Keys;36
4.1.3.1;2.3.1 Key to Larvae and/or Nymphs of Hexapod Orders;36
4.1.3.2;2.3.2 Key to larvae of major Diptera families;39
4.1.3.3;2.3.3 Key to Third Instar Larvae of the Most Carrion Breeding and Feeding Dipteran Species from Brazil;47
4.1.3.3.1;2.3.3.1 Nomenclature according to Fig. 2.3;47
5;Chapter 3;51
5.1;Key for the Identification of Third Instars of European Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of Forensic Importance;51
5.1.1;3.1 Introduction;51
5.1.2;3.2 Material and Methods;53
5.1.3;3.3 General Morphology;54
5.1.4;3.4 Key;59
6;Chapter 4;65
6.1;The Utility of Coleoptera in Forensic Investigations;65
6.1.1;4.1 Introduction;65
6.1.2;4.2 Forensic Applications of Coleoptera;66
6.1.2.1;4.2.1 Developmental Biology;66
6.1.2.2;4.2.2 Community Ecology;68
6.1.2.3;4.2.3 Toxicology;68
6.1.3;4.3 Existing Data with Forensic Relevance;68
6.1.3.1;4.3.1 Taxonomy;68
6.1.3.2;4.3.2 Biology;70
6.1.4;4.4 Future Research;71
7;Chapter 5;77
7.1;Phoretic Mites and Carcasses: Acari Transported by Organisms Associated with Animal and Human Decomposition;77
7.1.1;5.1 Introduction;77
7.1.2;5.2 Historic Roots and Importance of Mites;78
7.1.3;5.3 Phoresy;82
7.1.4;5.4 Phoretic Adaptations;85
7.1.5;5.5 Specificity of Phoretic and Carrier;88
7.1.6;5.6 Hyperphoresy;89
7.1.7;5.7 Phoretic Mites Separated by Carrier and Time;90
7.1.8;5.8 Phoretic Mites Separated Spatially;92
7.1.9;5.9 Ongoing Research;93
8;Chapter 6;100
8.1;Indoor Arthropods of Forensic Importance: Insects Associated with Indoor Decomposition and Mites as Indoor Markers;100
8.1.1;6.1 Introduction;100
8.1.2;6.2 Indoor Decomposition;101
8.1.3;6.3 House and Dust Mites;105
8.1.3.1;6.3.1 Kitchen;107
8.1.3.2;6.3.2 Pantries;108
8.1.3.3;6.3.3 Bedroom;108
8.1.3.4;6.3.4 Living Room;110
8.1.3.5;6.3.5 Bathroom;110
8.1.3.6;6.3.6 Indoor Pools;110
8.1.3.7;6.3.7 Store Room, Attic, Basement;110
8.1.3.8;6.3.8 Study, Office;111
8.1.3.9;6.3.9 Pet’s Room;111
8.1.3.10;6.3.10 Conservatory, Plant Room;112
8.1.3.11;6.3.11 Mites as High Resolution Markers;112
9;Chapter 7;116
9.1;Contemporary Precision, Bias and Accuracy of Minimum Post-Mortem Intervals Estimated Using Development of Carrion-Feeding Inse;116
9.1.1;7.1 Introduction;116
9.1.2;7.2 Precision, Bias and Accuracy;117
9.1.3;7.3 Sources of Inaccuracy;119
9.1.3.1;7.3.1 Promptness of Colonisation;119
9.1.3.2;7.3.2 Precocious Development;121
9.1.3.3;7.3.3 Measuring Developmental Maturity;123
9.1.3.4;7.3.4 Maggot-Generated Heat;124
9.1.3.5;7.3.5 Diet;127
9.1.3.6;7.3.6 Drugs;128
9.1.3.7;7.3.7 Interspecific Competition;129
9.1.3.8;7.3.8 Chilling and Diapause;130
9.1.3.9;7.3.9 The Wandering Phase;131
9.1.3.10;7.3.10 Circadian Rhythms;132
9.1.3.11;7.3.11 Modelling;133
9.1.4;7.4 Discussion;135
10;Chapter 8;145
10.1;Analysing Forensic Entomology Data Using Additive Mixed Effects Modelling;145
10.1.1;8.1 Introduction;145
10.1.2;8.2 Data Introduction;146
10.1.2.1;8.2.1 Data Structure and Coding;146
10.1.2.2;8.2.2 Working Towards a Model;146
10.1.3;8.3 Data Exploration;148
10.1.4;8.4 Fine Tuning the Model Using Data Exploration Results;151
10.1.4.1;8.4.1 Where to Start?;153
10.1.5;8.5 Linear Regression as a Starting Point;154
10.1.6;8.6 Generalised Additive Modelling;155
10.1.6.1;8.6.1 Model Validation of the GAM;157
10.1.7;8.7 Generalised Additive Mixed Modelling;158
10.1.7.1;8.7.1 Bootstrapping;163
10.1.8;8.8 Inverse Modelling;164
10.1.9;8.9 Discussion;167
11;Chapter 9;169
11.1;Toxicology and Forensic Entomology;169
11.1.1;9.1 Introduction;169
11.1.2;9.2 Detection of Substances on Insects;170
11.1.3;9.3 Toxicological Analyses of Entomological Specimens and a Protocol for Collecting and Preserving Arthropods;174
11.1.4;9.4 Drug Effects over Arthropod Development;176
12;Chapter 10;185
12.1;Cuticular Hydrocarbons: A New Tool in Forensic Entomology?;185
12.1.1;10.1 Introduction;185
12.1.2;10.2 Hydrocarbon Structure;186
12.1.3;10.3 Collecting Hydrocarbons;187
12.1.3.1;10.3.1 Liquid Extraction;188
12.1.3.2;10.3.2 Solid Phase Micro Extraction;188
12.1.4;10.4 Chemical Analysis of Hydrocarbons;189
12.1.5;10.5 Production and Physiological Role of Cuticular Hydrocarbons;194
12.1.5.1;10.5.1 Alkanes;196
12.1.5.2;10.5.2 Alkenes;197
12.1.5.3;10.5.3 Alkadienes and Alkatrienes;197
12.1.5.4;10.5.4 Methyl-Branched Alkanes;198
12.1.5.5;10.5.5 Methyl-Branched Alkenes;198
12.1.6;10.6 Do Hydrocarbon Profiles Change?;199
12.1.7;10.7 Weathering of Hydrocarbons;200
12.1.8;10.8 How Important Are Hydrocarbons in the Area of Forensic Entomology?;201
12.1.9;10.9 Conclusion and Final Remarks;203
13;Chapter 11;210
13.1;Exploiting Insect Olfaction in Forensic Entomology;210
13.1.1;11.1 Introduction;210
13.1.2;11.2 Insect Olfaction and Decomposition;211
13.1.2.1;11.2.1 Insect Olfaction;211
13.1.2.2;11.2.2 Semiochemicals;212
13.1.2.3;11.2.3 The Decomposition Process;214
13.1.2.4;11.2.4 Carrion Insects and Semiochemicals;215
13.1.3;11.3 Chemical Ecology Research;217
13.1.3.1;11.3.1 Decomposing Body Odour Mimicry;221
13.1.4;11.4 Future Prospects;221
13.1.4.1;11.4.1 Time of Death;221
13.1.4.2;11.4.2 Body Recovery;222
13.1.4.3;11.4.3 Pest-Control;222
14;Chapter 12;227
14.1;Decomposition and Invertebrate Colonization of Cadavers in Coastal Marine Environments;227
14.1.1;12.1 Introduction;227
14.1.2;12.2 Decomposition and Invertebrate Colonization of Carrion in a Shallow, Coastal Marine Environment;229
14.1.2.1;12.2.1 Material and Methods;229
14.1.2.2;12.2.2 Decomposition;229
14.1.2.3;12.2.3 Faunal Colonization;234
14.1.2.4;12.2.4 Discussion;240
14.1.3;12.3 Decomposition and Invertebrate Colonization of Carrion in a Deep Coastal Marine Environment;241
14.1.3.1;12.3.1 First Deployment, 2006;243
14.1.3.2;12.3.2 Second Deployment, 2007;250
14.1.3.3;12.3.3 Third Deployment, 2008;262
14.1.3.4;12.3.4 Discussion;264
14.1.4;12.4 Conclusions;272
15;Chapter 13;277
15.1;The Insects Colonisation of Buried Remains;277
15.1.1;13.1 Introduction;277
15.1.2;13.2 Burial and Exhumation;278
15.1.2.1;13.2.1 Burying: Why, Who, When, How?;278
15.1.2.2;13.2.2 Exhumation: Why, Who, When, How?;279
15.1.2.2.1;13.2.2.1 Coffin;279
15.1.2.2.2;13.2.2.2 Illegal Graves and Mass Graves;280
15.1.3;13.3 Buried Cadaver: Decomposition Process in Soil;281
15.1.3.1;13.3.1 Decomposition Process;281
15.1.3.2;13.3.2 Factors Affecting Decomposition Process in Soil;282
15.1.3.2.1;13.3.2.1 Temperature;283
15.1.3.2.2;13.3.2.2 Depth;284
15.1.3.2.3;13.3.2.3 Soil Composition;284
15.1.3.2.4;13.3.2.4 Oxygen Content;285
15.1.3.2.5;13.3.2.5 Moisture;286
15.1.3.2.6;13.3.2.6 pH;286
15.1.3.2.7;13.3.2.7 Microbial Degradation;286
15.1.3.2.8;13.3.2.8 Fauna;287
15.1.4;13.4 Forensic Excavation Technique;287
15.1.4.1;13.4.1 Location Techniques;288
15.1.4.1.1;13.4.1.1 Non-intrusive Ground Search Methods;288
15.1.4.1.1.1;13.4.1.1.1 Testimonies;288
15.1.4.1.1.2;13.4.1.1.2 Basic Observation;288
15.1.4.1.1.3;13.4.1.1.3 Foot Search;289
15.1.4.1.1.4;13.4.1.1.4 Cadaver Dogs;289
15.1.4.1.1.5;13.4.1.1.5 Aerial Observation/Photography;289
15.1.4.1.2;13.4.1.2 Intrusive Ground Search Methods;290
15.1.4.1.2.1;13.4.1.2.1 Passive Geophysical Prospecting Methods;290
15.1.4.1.2.2;13.4.1.2.2 Soil Stratigraphy;290
15.1.4.1.2.3;13.4.1.2.3 Detection of Cadaver Scent;291
15.1.4.1.2.4;13.4.1.2.4 Magnetic Surveying;291
15.1.4.1.3;13.4.1.3 Active Geophysical Prospecting Methods;291
15.1.4.1.3.1;13.4.1.3.1 Geophysical Resistivity;291
15.1.4.1.3.2;13.4.1.3.2 The Ground Penetrating Radar or GPR;291
15.1.4.1.3.3;13.4.1.3.3 Metal Detector;292
15.1.4.1.3.4;13.4.1.3.4 Remote Sensing;292
15.1.4.2;13.4.2 On the Scale of the Forensic Entomologist;292
15.1.4.3;13.4.3 Recovery;293
15.1.5;13.5 Actual Knowledge of Necrophagous Entomofauna on Buried Remians;294
15.1.5.1;13.5.1 Necrophagous Insects Found in the Surroundings of Buried Bodies;295
15.1.5.2;13.5.2 Insects Found in Coffins;296
15.1.5.3;13.5.3 Insects Found in Caves;297
15.1.5.4;13.5.4 Necrophagous Insects of Forensic Importance;297
15.1.5.4.1;13.5.4.1 Dipterans Found on Buried Corpses;301
15.1.5.4.1.1;13.5.4.1.1 Calliphoridae;301
15.1.5.4.1.2;13.5.4.1.2 Fannidae;301
15.1.5.4.1.3;13.5.4.1.3 Heleomyzidae;301
15.1.5.4.1.4;13.5.4.1.4 Muscidae;302
15.1.5.4.1.5;13.5.4.1.5 Phoridae;302
15.1.5.4.1.6;13.5.4.1.6 Piophilidae;303
15.1.5.4.1.7;13.5.4.1.7 Stratiomyidae;303
15.1.5.4.2;13.5.4.2 Coleopterans Found on Buried Corpses: Staphylinidae and Rhizophagidae;303
15.1.5.5;13.5.5 Staphylinidae and Rhizophagidae;304
15.1.5.6;13.5.6 Silphidae;304
15.1.5.7;13.5.7 Histeridae;304
15.1.5.7.1;13.5.7.1 Hymenopterans Found on Buried Corpses: Ants and Parasitic Wasps;305
15.1.5.7.2;13.5.7.2 Other Insects Found on Buried Corpses: Collembola (Spring Tails);305
15.1.5.7.3;13.5.7.3 Other Arthropods Found on Buried Corpses: Acari (Mites);305
15.1.6;13.6 Post Mortem Interval Estimation;306
15.1.6.1;13.6.1 Temperature;306
15.1.6.2;13.6.2 Insects;306
15.1.6.2.1;13.6.2.1 Calliphoridae;306
15.1.6.2.2;13.6.2.2 Muscidae;307
15.1.6.2.3;13.6.2.3 Phoridae;307
15.1.6.2.4;13.6.2.4 Stratiomyidae;308
15.1.6.2.5;13.6.2.5 Coleoptera;308
15.1.6.2.6;13.6.2.6 Hymenoptera;308
15.1.7;13.7 Conclusion;309
16;Chapter 14;316
16.1;Forensic Implications of Myiasis;316
16.1.1;14.1 Introduction;316
16.1.2;14.2 Case Studies;318
16.1.2.1;14.2.1 Case # 1. Increased Postmortem Interval/Period of Neglect;318
16.1.2.2;14.2.2 Case # 2. Possible Sexual Assault;318
16.1.2.3;14.2.3 Case # 3. Period of Neglect;319
16.1.2.4;14.2.4 Case # 4. Period of Neglect;321
16.1.2.5;14.2.5 Case # 5. Geographic Movement;324
16.1.3;14.3 Discussion;326
17;Chapter 15;329
17.1;Climate Change and Forensic Entomology;329
17.1.1;15.1 Introduction;329
17.1.2;15.2 Causes and Evidence of Global Warming;329
17.1.2.1;15.2.1 Great Buffer Systems of the Earth: Atmospheric “Greenhouse Effect”, Oceans and Ocean Currents;331
17.1.2.2;15.2.2 Evidence of Global Warming During the Last Hundred Years;334
17.1.2.2.1;15.2.2.1 Climate Changes;334
17.1.2.2.2;15.2.2.2 Ocean Warming: Effects on Coastal Environments;335
17.1.2.2.3;15.2.2.3 Polar Ice Melting;336
17.1.2.2.4;15.2.2.4 Altitudinal Changes;338
17.1.3;15.3 Ecological Responses to Climate Changes;339
17.1.3.1;15.3.1 Natural Shift and Strategies of Insects in Rising Temperatures;339
17.1.3.2;15.3.2 Prey–Predator Relationships;340
17.1.4;15.4 Globalization and Human Interferences on Animal Distribution;341
17.1.4.1;15.4.1 Human Health and Global Warming;342
17.1.5;15.5 Insects of Forensic Interest: Evidence of Latitudinal and Altitudinal Shift Because the Warming Climate Changes;343
17.1.6;15.6 Discussion on the Validity of Traditional Methods to Calculate by Means of Insects;348
18;Chapter 16;354
18.1;Future Trends in Forensic Entomology;354
18.1.1;16.1 Introduction;354
18.1.2;16.2 Research;354
18.1.2.1;16.2.1 Insect Succession;354
18.1.2.2;16.2.2 Aquatic Entomology;355
18.1.2.3;16.2.3 Identification, Phylogenetics, and Population Genetics;356
18.1.2.4;16.2.4 Maggot Gut Content Studies;358
18.1.2.5;16.2.5 Weather and Temperature Collection;359
18.1.2.6;16.2.6 Parasitoids and PMI;360
18.1.2.7;16.2.7 Multivariate Approaches;360
18.1.2.8;16.2.8 Wildlife and Veterinary Forensic Entomology;361
18.1.3;16.3 Quality Assurance;361
18.1.3.1;16.3.1 Standardization of Methods;361
18.1.3.2;16.3.2 Central Repository;362
18.1.3.3;16.3.3 Specialized Professional Societies;363
18.1.3.4;16.3.4 Development of Full-Service;363
18.1.3.5;16.3.5 Public Relations;364
19;Index;370