Andel / Bicík / Dostál Landscape Modelling

Geographical Space, Transformation and Future Scenarios
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-90-481-3052-8
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 8, 226 Seiten

Reihe: Urban and Landscape Perspectives

Landscape modelling integrates the differing perspectives of the many disciplines that deal with the landscape. It is motivated not only by the desire for scientific understanding, but also by the real-time demands of 21st century postindustrial society, which include the twin imperatives of stabilizing damaged ecosystems on the one hand, and finding effective ways to use the landscape on the other. The discipline has the specific goal of designing and assessing future scenarios of landscape development, while not losing sight of its past history, both ecological and socio-cultural. This book encompasses the interrelated disciplines of geography, landscape ecology and geoinformatics, and by drawing on their theories and methodologies introduces the concept of a living landscape with human action an inseparable part of its evolution. It offers researchers and decision-makers a number of ideas on how our landscape can best be utilized. The content reflects the need for sustainable landscape development, at the same time as considering long-term continuity as a major condition which enables us to maintain the diversity and multifunctionality of landscapes at regional and macro-regional scales. Employing advanced terminology and methods, this book provides specific results especially for scientists and landscape professionals.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Andel, Jirí

Bicík, Ivan

Dostál, Petr

Lipský, Zdenek

Shahneshin, Siamak G.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;10
3;Contributors;12
4;Part I Where the Moral Appeal Meets the Scientific Approach;20
4.1;1 The Weeping Landscape;21
4.1.1;1.1 Rising Bubble;21
4.1.2;1.2 Climate Change and Landscape;22
4.1.3;1.3 Shrinking Airport;22
4.1.4;Notes;27
4.1.5;References;28
5;Part II Landscape Concept in Contemporary Europe;29
5.1;2 Present Changes in European Rural Landscapes;30
5.1.1;2.1 Topical Issue of Landscape Changes;30
5.1.2;2.2 Importance of Land Use and Landscape-Structure Changes from the Point of View of Landscape Ecology;31
5.1.3;2.3 Character of Changes in Cultural Landscapes;32
5.1.4;2.4 Socialist Collectivisation as an Example of Dramatic Landscape Changes;34
5.1.5;2.5 Present Trends in European Rural Landscapes: Intensification and Extensification;36
5.1.6;2.6 Abandoned Lands and New Wilderness in European Cultural Landscapes;37
5.1.6.1;2.6.1 The Origin of the New Wilderness and its Causes;37
5.1.6.2;2.6.2 Terminology and Typology of the New Wilderness;39
5.1.6.3;2.6.3 Importance (and Advocacy) of the Existence of the New Wilderness;40
5.1.7;2.7 Conclusions;41
5.1.8;References;42
5.2;3 Environmental Stressors as an Integrative Approach to Landscape Assessment;45
5.2.1;3.1 Stressors and Stress in a Landscape;45
5.2.2;3.2 Environmental Stress Accounting;47
5.2.3;3.3 Results from Case Studies;50
5.2.4;3.4 Environmental Stress Accounting and Landscape Studies: Evaluation and Prospects;54
5.2.5;References;57
6;Part III Between Landscapes and Multi-Scale Regions;59
6.1;4 Environment and Regional Cohesion in the Enlarged European Union Differences in Public Opinion;60
6.1.1;4.1 Issues of Environmental, Regional and Cohesion Policies;60
6.1.2;4.2 Risk Society and Public Opinion;62
6.1.3;4.3 Opinion of EU Electorates on the Environment;66
6.1.4;4.4 Opinion of EU Electorates on Orientations of Regional and Cohesion Policies;68
6.1.5;4.5 Relationships Between Explanatory and Dependent Variables;70
6.1.6;4.6 Conclusions;73
6.1.7;Notes;74
6.1.8;References;74
6.2;5 Cross-Border Relationships of Small andMedium-Sized Businesses;76
6.2.1;5.1 Border Areas and Euroregions;76
6.2.2;5.2 Method of the Survey;77
6.2.3;5.3 Selected Results;78
6.2.3.1;5.3.1 Businesses with an Existing Cross-Border Cooperation;78
6.2.3.2;5.3.2 Businesses Planning Cross-Border Cooperation;81
6.2.3.3;5.3.3 Businesses Refusing to Build Cross-Border Cooperation;82
6.2.4;5.4 Conclusions;83
6.2.5;References;84
6.3;6 Land-Use Changes Along the Iron Curtain in Czechia;86
6.3.1;6.1 Changing Functions of Czech Borders;86
6.3.2;6.2 Data Sources and Methods;87
6.3.3;6.3 Land-Use Changes Along the Iron Curtain in Czechia on the Level of BTUs (194819902000);90
6.3.4;6.4 Land-Cover Changes Along the Iron Curtain Using CORINE Data (19902000);94
6.3.5;6.5 Conclusions;97
6.3.6;Notes;99
6.3.7;References;99
6.4;7 Landscape Function Transformations with Relation to Land-Use Changes;101
6.4.1;7.1 Land-Use Analyses and Landscape Assessment;101
6.4.2;7.2 Case Study Northwestern Part of Bohemia;103
6.4.3;7.3 Assessing the Land-Use Changes;105
6.4.3.1;7.3.1 Data Sources and Their Origins in Czechia;107
6.4.3.2;7.3.2 Maps;108
6.4.3.3;7.3.3 Remote Sensing Data as a Comparison Dataset;108
6.4.4;7.4 Land-Use Changes and Transformations of Landscape Function;109
6.4.5;7.5 Interpreting the Driving Forces of Changes;111
6.4.6;7.6 Placing Monitored Issues into Wider Spatial and Time Scales;113
6.4.7;7.7 Results of Evaluation of Sample Areas;114
6.4.8;Notes;115
6.4.9;References;116
7;Part IV Changing Face of a Landscape: Identity and Perception;118
7.1;8 Memory of a Landscape A Constituent of Regional Identity and Planning?;119
7.1.1;8.1 Landscape, Time and Man;119
7.1.2;8.2 The Concept of Landscape Memory;122
7.1.3;8.3 Components of Landscape Memory: Between Linkages and Contradictions;125
7.1.4;8.4 Relevance of the Concept in Landscape Planning;129
7.1.5;Notes;130
7.1.6;References;131
7.2;9 Landscape Change in the Seewinkel: ComparisonsAmong Centuries;134
7.2.1;9.1 Existing Research and Specific Research Question;134
7.2.2;9.2 Regional Settings;135
7.2.3;9.3 Material and Methods;136
7.2.3.1;9.3.1 Historical Maps;136
7.2.3.2;9.3.2 Current Land Cover Data;136
7.2.3.3;9.3.3 Determination of Investigation Area;136
7.2.3.4;9.3.4 Digitalisation and Interpretation;137
7.2.3.5;9.3.5 Analysis;138
7.2.4;9.4 Results;138
7.2.4.1;9.4.1 Interpretation;138
7.2.5;9.5 Discussion;140
7.2.5.1;9.5.1 Thematic and Spatial Accuracy;140
7.2.5.2;9.5.2 Observed Landscape Changes;140
7.2.6;9.6 Conclusions;141
7.2.7;References;141
7.3;10 Conditions of Living Reality, Reflections, Comparisons and Prospects;144
7.3.1;10.1 Subjective Perception and Real Landscape;144
7.3.2;10.2 Methodology and Focus;145
7.3.3;10.3 Perception of Living Conditions and Comparisons;146
7.3.3.1;10.3.1 Current Conditions of Living;146
7.3.3.2;10.3.2 Perception of Future Development;147
7.3.4;10.4 Conclusions;151
7.3.5;References;152
8;Part V Modelling and Geovisualisation in Landscape Planning and Management;153
8.1;11 Geovisualisation of an Urban Landscape in Participatory Regional Planning;154
8.1.1;11.1 Introducing the Geoinformatics Approach to Urban Landscape;154
8.1.2;11.2 Case Study: Mid-Size Town with Abrupt Shifts in Development;156
8.1.2.1;11.2.1 Study Area;156
8.1.2.2;11.2.2 The Decision Triangle;157
8.1.2.3;11.2.3 Database Creation;157
8.1.2.4;11.2.4 Assessing the Spatial Matrix of Historical Growth;158
8.1.2.5;11.2.5 From Reconstructive Geovisualisation Towards Landscape Scenarios;159
8.1.3;11.3 Discussion and Conclusions;163
8.1.4;Notes;164
8.1.5;References;164
8.2;12 Does Landscape Structure Reveal Ecological Sustainability?;167
8.2.1;12.1 Concepts of Landscape Ecology for Sustainability Impact Assessment;167
8.2.2;12.2 Material and Methods;168
8.2.3;12.3 Results;170
8.2.4;12.4 Discussion and Conclusions;175
8.2.5;Notes;176
8.3;References;176
8.4;13 Landscape Approaches and GIS for Biodiversity Management;179
8.4.1;13.1 Landscape Approaches for Biodiversity Management;179
8.4.2;13.2 Study Area and GIS Data;179
8.4.3;13.3 Case Study 1 Modelling Nesting Habitat as a Conservation Tool for the Eurasian Black Vulture;180
8.4.4;13.4 Case Study 2 Forest Re-growth Since 1945 in the Dadia Forest Nature Reserve;182
8.4.5;13.5 Case Study 3 Towards a Core Set of Landscape Metrics for Biodiversity Assessments: A Case Study from Dadia National Park;182
8.4.6;13.6 Case Study 4 Testing the Performance of Landscape Metrics as Indicators for Biodiversity;183
8.4.7;13.7 Case Study 5 Development of a Geographic Information System for Territory Analysis of Raptor Species;184
8.4.8;13.8 Case Study 6 Conservation of Biodiversity in Managed Forests: An Integrated Approach Using Multi-Function Forest Services;185
8.4.9;13.9 Conclusions and Implications for Biodiversity Management;187
8.4.10;Notes;188
8.4.11;References;188
8.5;14 Relief for Models of Natural Phenomena;191
8.5.1;14.1 Digital Representation of Relief;191
8.5.2;14.2 Accuracy in Relief Expression;192
8.5.2.1;14.2.1 Methods of Assessment of DEM Quality;194
8.5.2.2;14.2.2 Analysis of Parameters of Interpolation Methods Used for the Creation of DEM in the Czech Republic;196
8.5.2.3;14.2.3 Influence of DEM Quality on 3D Relief Expression;198
8.5.3;14.3 Terrain Sensitivity;201
8.5.4;14.4 Influence on Modelling Physical Geographic Phenomena, Using the Example of Erosion Processes;201
8.5.5;14.5 Conclusions;202
8.5.6;Notes;202
8.5.7;References;203
9;Name Index;205
10;Subject Index;209

Leseproben

"Chapter 3 Environmental Stressors as an Integrative Approach to Landscape Assessment (p. 29-30)

Ji?rí And?el, Martin Balej, and Tomáš Oršulák

3.1 Stressors and Stress in a Landscape

The genesis of the term stress is closely associated with research in the psychological and biological disciplines (e.g. Shanteau & Dino, 1993). Generally, stress is a difficult concept to define. Early definitions varied in the extent to which they emphasized the responses of the individual, or the situations that caused disruptions of ongoing behaviour and functioning (Evans & Cohen, 1987). Appley and Trumbull (1967), McGrath (1970) and Mason (1975) have summarized several objections to each of these approaches to defining stress.

Stress is best considered as a complex rubric reflecting a dynamic, recursive relationship between environmental demands, individual and social resources to cope with those demands, and the individual’s appraisal of that relationship (Evans & Cohen, 1987). A stress-inducing factor is called a stressor. Stress is a manifestation of a stressor within a system. Four general types of environmental stressors have been identified in psychological theory: cataclysmic events, stressful life events, daily hassles, and ambient stressors (Baum, Singer, & Baum, 1982; Cambell, 1983; Lazarus & Cohen, 1977.)

Similar to the definition of stress in psychology, we can designate as a stressor any force or system of forces producing pressure, tension or causing deformity that is detrimental to the system it acts upon. In the context of environmental sciences, stress within an environmental system composed of biotic, abiotic and human elements can be defined as any deformity present in the system. Stress (or pressure, strain, disturbing force, obstacle or difficulty) can thus be defined as any stimulus the intensity of which is in excess of the norm (physical, ecological, social or economic).

In the normal fluctuation of a phenomenon, stress can be represented by an exceptionally strong/weak intensity or unusual frequency. Individual types of environmental systems may react in varying ways to different stressful stimuli. In the initial phase of stress response, a system operates on the principle of resilience, followed by the phase of resistance. In the final phase the system either breaks down entirely (i.e. changes its character) or compensates for the stress and continues to function as before.

Stress therefore can be compensated for entirely or partially, or it may not be compensated at all and the system breaks down. Some landscape ecologists (cf. Ingegnoli, 2002) claim that if the effect of a stressor is continuous (chronic), this may endanger the general “health” of the landscape. The Slovak school of landscape ecology devised a theory of environmental stressors (Miklós et al., 2002; Šúriová & Izakovi?cová, 1995; Izakovi?cová, Miklós, & Drdoš, 1997).

Other landscape ecologists (Ingegnoli, 2002; Lipský, 1998; Antrop, 2000; Erickson, 1999) also employ the terms environmental stressor, stress or anthropogenic pressure in connection with a negative effect on environmental conditions, the pathology of landscape and anthropogenic disturbances. Within a landscape system, there are of course natural stressors such as natural disturbances (degradation processes, natural radiation, volcanism, seismic activity and seismic processes). Environmental systems are able to a greater or lesser extent to prepare for the effects of these stressors."