Ando / Cariani Auditory and Visual Sensations

1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-1-4419-0172-9
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 344 Seiten

Ando establishes a theory of subjective preference of the sound field in a concert hall, based on preference theory with a model of human auditory- brain system. The model uses the autocorrelation function and the interaural crosscorrelation function for signals arriving at two ear entrances and considers the specialization of human cerebral hemispheres. The theory may be applied to describe primary sensations such as pitch or missing fundamental, loudness, timbre, and duration. The theory may also be applied to visual sensations as well as subjective preference of visual environments. Remarkable findings in activities in both auditory-brain and visual-brain systems in relation to subjective preference as a primitive response are described.

Yoichi Ando is an expert in the areas of concert hall acoustics architectural acoustics, brain activities, and environmental design. He has been awarded the AIA Institute Honor, American Institute of Architects in 1995: For 30 years of work developing and applying new theories of concert hall acoustics have helped the way music is heard. A scientist, author, and educator, his achievements are a benefit to both the world of architecture and the world of music. He has also been awarded the 'Laurea Honoris Causa' (Dottore ad Honorem) by University of Ferrara, Italy on 12 June 2002, and serves as Editor-In-Chief, of the Journal of Temporal Design in Architecture and the Environment.Peter Cariani works in the fields of auditory neurophysiology; temporal coding of pitch, timbre, and consonance; neural networks for temporal processing; music perception and cognition.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ando, Yoichi

Cariani, Peter

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;7
1.1;Previous Publications Related to This Topic;11
2;Guest Editors Preface;13
3;Acknowledgments;19
4;Contents;21
5;Part I Temporal and Spatial Sensations in the Human Auditory System;26
5.1;1 Introduction;27
5.1.1;1.1 Auditory Temporal and Spatial Factors;27
5.1.2;1.2 Auditory System Model for Temporal and Spatial Information Processing;11
5.2;2 Temporal and Spatial Aspects of Sounds and Sound Fields;33
5.2.1;2.1 Analysis of Source Signals;33
5.2.1.1;2.1.1 Power Spectrum;33
5.2.1.2;2.1.2 Autocorrelation Function (ACF);34
5.2.1.3;2.1.3 Running Autocorrelation;37
5.2.2;2.2 Physical Factors of Sound Fields;42
5.2.2.1;2.2.1 Sound Transmission from a Point Source through a Room to the Listener;42
5.2.2.2;2.2.2 Temporal-Monaural Factors;43
5.2.2.3;2.2.3 Spatial-Binaural Factors;44
5.2.3;2.3 Simulation of a Sound Field in an Anechoic Enclosure;47
5.3;3 Subjective Preferences for Sound Fields;49
5.3.1;3.1 Preferred Properties for Sound Fields with Multiple Reflections;50
5.3.1.1;3.1.1 Preferred Delay Time of a Single Reflection;50
5.3.1.2;3.1.2 Preferred Horizontal Direction of a Single Reflection;53
5.3.2;3.2 Preferred Conditions for Sound Fields with Multiple Reflections;54
5.3.2.1;3.2.1 Optimal Listening Level (LL);54
5.3.2.2;3.2.2 Optimal First Reflection Time ( t1);55
5.3.2.3;3.2.3 Optimal Subsequent Reverberation Times (T sub);55
5.3.2.4;3.2.4 Optimal Magnitude of Interaural Crosscorrelation (IACC);57
5.3.3;3.3 Theory of Subjective Preferences for Sound Fields;58
5.3.4;3.4 Evaluation of Boston Symphony Hall Based on Temporal and Spatial Factors;61
5.4;4 Electrical and Magnetic Responses in the Central AuditorySystem;63
5.4.1;4.1 Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABRs);63
5.4.1.1;4.1.1 Brainstem Response Correlates of Sound Direction in the Horizontal Plane;64
5.4.1.2;4.1.2 Brainstem Response Correlates of Listening Level (LL) and Interaural Crosscorrelation Magnitude (IACC);68
5.4.1.3;4.1.3 Remarks;70
5.4.2;4.2 Slow Vertex Responses (SVRs);72
5.4.2.1;4.2.1 SVR Correlates of First Reflection Time t1 Contrast;72
5.4.2.2;4.2.2 Hemispheric Lateralization Related to Spatial Aspects of Sound;74
5.4.2.3;4.2.3 Response Latency Correlates of Subjective Preference;77
5.4.3;4.3 Electroencephalographic (EEG) Correlates of Subjective Preference;79
5.4.3.1;4.3.1 EEG Correlates of First Reflection Time t1 Changes;79
5.4.3.2;4.3.2 EEG Correlates of Reverberation Time T sub Changes;82
5.4.3.3;4.3.3 EEG Correlates of Interaural Correlation Magnitude (IACC) Changes;84
5.4.4;4.4 Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) Correlates of Preference and Annoyance;86
5.4.4.1;4.4.1 Preferences and the Persistence of Alpha Rhythms;87
5.4.4.2;4.4.2 Preferences and the Spatial Extent of Alpha Rhythms;92
5.4.4.3;4.4.3 Alpha Rhythm Correlates of Annoyance;92
5.5;5 Model of Temporal and Spatial Factors in the Central Auditory System;97
5.5.1;5.1 Signal Processing Model of the Human Auditory System;97
5.5.1.1;5.1.1 Summary of Neural Evidence;97
5.5.1.1.1;5.1.1.1 Physical Characteristics of the Ear;97
5.5.1.1.2;5.1.1.2 Left and Right Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABRs);98
5.5.1.1.3;5.1.1.3 Left and Right Hemisphere Slow Vertex Responses (SVRs);98
5.5.1.1.4;5.1.1.4 Left and Right Hemisphere EEG Responses;98
5.5.1.1.5;5.1.1.5 Left and Right Hemisphere MEG Responses;99
5.5.1.2;5.1.2 Auditory Signal Processing Model;99
5.5.2;5.2 Temporal Factors Extracted from Autocorrelations of Sound Signals;107
5.5.3;5.3 Auditory Temporal Window for Autocorrelation Processing;108
5.5.4;5.4 Spatial Factors and Interaural Crosscorrelation;110
5.5.5;5.5 Auditory Temporal Window for Binaural Processing;111
5.5.6;5.6 Hemispheric Specialization for Spatial Attributes of Sound Fields;111
5.6;6 Temporal Sensations of the Sound Signal;114
5.6.1;6.1 Combinations of Temporal and Spatial Sensations;114
5.6.2;6.2 Pitch of Complex Tones and Multiband Noise;116
5.6.2.1;6.2.1 Perception of the Low Pitch of Complex Tones;116
5.6.2.2;6.2.2 Pitch of Multiband ''Complex Noise'';123
5.6.2.3;6.2.3 Frequency Limits of Missing Fundamentals;124
5.6.3;6.3 Beats Induced by Dual Missing Fundamentals;128
5.6.4;6.4 Loudness;131
5.6.4.1;6.4.1 Loudness of Sharply Filtered Noise;131
5.6.4.2;6.4.2 Loudness of Complex Noise;137
5.6.5;6.5 Duration Sensation;142
5.6.6;6.6 Timbre of an Electric Guitar Sound with Distortion;143
5.6.6.1;6.6.1 Experiment 1 -- Peak Clipping;145
5.6.6.2;6.6.2 Experiment 2 -- Commercial Effects Box;147
5.6.6.3;6.6.3 Concluding Remarks;147
5.7;7 Spatial Sensations of Binaural Signals;148
5.7.1;7.1 Sound Localization;148
5.7.1.1;7.1.1 Cues of Localization in the Horizontal Plane;148
5.7.1.2;7.1.2 Cues of Localization in the Median Plane;149
5.7.2;7.2 Apparent Source Width (ASW);150
5.7.2.1;7.2.1 Apparent Width of Bandpass Noise;153
5.7.2.2;7.2.2 Apparent Width of Multiband Noise;154
5.7.3;7.3 Subjective Diffuseness;159
5.8;8 Applications (I) Music and Concert Hall Acoustics;165
5.8.1;8.1 Pitches of Piano Notes;165
5.8.2;8.2 Design Studies of Concert Halls as Public Spaces;170
5.8.2.1;8.2.1 Genetic Algorithms (GAs) for Shape Optimization;170
5.8.2.2;8.2.2 Two Actual Designs: Kirishima and Tsuyama;175
5.8.3;8.3 Individualized Seat Selection Systems for Enhancing Aural Experience;180
5.8.3.1;8.3.1 A Seat Selection System;180
5.8.3.2;8.3.2 Individual Subjective Preference;180
5.8.3.3;8.3.3 Distributions of Listener Preferences;183
5.8.4;8.4 Subjective Preferences of Cello Soloists for First Reflection Time, t1;187
5.8.5;8.5 Concert Hall as Musical Instrument;194
5.8.5.1;8.5.1 Composing with the Hall in Mind: Matching Music and Reverberation;194
5.8.5.2;8.5.2 Expanding the Musical Image: Spatial Expression and Apparent Source Width;196
5.8.5.3;8.5.3 Enveloping Music: Spatial Expression and Musical Dynamics;197
5.8.6;8.6 Performing in a Hall: Blending Musical Performances with Sound Fields;197
5.8.6.1;8.6.1 Choosing a Performing Position on the Stage;197
5.8.6.2;8.6.2 Performance Adjustments that Optimize Temporal Factors;198
5.8.6.3;8.6.3 Towards Future Integration of Composition, Performance and Hall Acoustics;199
5.9;9 Applications (II) Speech Reception in Sound Fields;201
5.9.1;9.1 Effects of Temporal Factors on Speech Reception;201
5.9.2;9.2 Effects of Spatial Factors on Speech Reception;207
5.9.3;9.3 Effects of Sound Fields on Perceptual Dissimilarity;211
5.9.3.1;9.3.1 Perceptual Distance due to Temporal Factors;216
5.9.3.2;9.3.2 Perceptual Distance due to Spatial Factors;217
5.10;10 Applications (III) Noise Measurement;220
5.10.1;10.1 Method of Noise Measurement;220
5.10.2;10.2 Aircraft Noise;221
5.10.3;10.3 Flushing Toilet Noise;228
5.11;11 Applications (IV) Noise Annoyance;233
5.11.1;11.1 Noise Annoyance in Relation to Temporal Factors;233
5.11.1.1;11.1.1 Annoyance of Band-Pass Noise;233
5.11.1.2;11.1.2 Annoyance of Traffic Noise;238
5.11.2;11.2 Noise Annoyance in Relation to Spatial Factors;243
5.11.2.1;11.2.1 Experiment 1: Effects of SPL and IACC Fluctuations;243
5.11.2.2;11.2.2 Experiment 2: Effects of Sound Movement;245
5.11.3;11.3 Effects of Noise and Music on Children;248
6;Part II Temporal and Spatial Sensations in the Human Visual System;253
6.1;12 Introduction to Visual Sensations;254
6.2;13 Temporal and Spatial Sensations in Vision;256
6.2.1;13.1 Temporal Sensations of Flickering Light;256
6.2.1.1;13.1.1 Conclusions;262
6.2.2;13.2 Spatial Sensations;262
6.3;14 Subjective Preferences in Vision;271
6.3.1;14.1 Subjective Preferences for Flickering Lights;271
6.3.2;14.2 Subjective Preferences for Oscillatory Movements;277
6.3.3;14.3 Subjective Preferences for Texture;281
6.3.3.1;14.3.1 Preferred Regularity of Texture;281
6.3.3.2;14.3.2 Application: Spatial ''Vibrato'' in a Drawing;282
6.4;15 EEG and MEG Correlates of Visual Subjective Preferences;284
6.4.1;15.1 EEG Correlates of Preferences for Flickering Lights;284
6.4.1.1;15.1.1 Persistence of Alpha Rhythms;284
6.4.1.2;15.1.2 Spatial Extent of Alpha Rhythms;292
6.4.2;15.2 MEG Correlates of Preferences for Flickering Lights;299
6.4.2.1;15.2.1 MEG Correlates of Sinusoidal Flicker;299
6.4.2.2;15.2.2 MEG Correlates of Fluctuating Flicker Rates;305
6.4.3;15.3 EEG Correlates of Preferences for Oscillatory Movements;306
6.4.4;15.4 Hemispheric Specializations in Vision;312
6.5;16 Summary of Auditory and Visual Sensations;314
6.5.1;16.1 Auditory Sensations;315
6.5.1.1;16.1.1 Auditory Temporal Sensations;315
6.5.1.2;16.1.2 Auditory Spatial Sensations;316
6.5.1.3;16.1.3 Auditory Subjective Preferences;317
6.5.1.4;16.1.4 Effects of Noise on Tasks and Annoyance;318
6.5.2;16.2 Visual Sensations;320
6.5.2.1;16.2.1 Temporal and Spatial Sensations in Vision;321
6.5.2.2;16.2.2 Visual Subjective Preferences;322
6.6;References;324
6.7;Glossary of Symbols;339
6.8;Abbreviations;345
6.9;Author Index;348
6.10;Subject Index;352