Araujo / Mota Soares Smart Structures and Materials

Selected Papers from the 7th ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Smart Structures and Materials
1. Auflage 2017
ISBN: 978-3-319-44507-6
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 293 Seiten

Reihe: Engineering (R0)

This work was compiled with expanded and reviewed contributions from the 7th ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Smart Structures and Materials, that was held from 3 to 6 June 2015 at Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal. The Conference provided a comprehensive forum for discussing the current state of the art in the field as well as generating inspiration for future ideas specifically on a multidisciplinary level. 
The scope of the Conference included topics related to the following areas:
Fundamentals of smart materials and structures; Modeling/formulation and characterization of smart actuators, sensors and smart material systems; Trends and developments in diverse areas such as material science including composite materials, intelligent hydrogels, interfacial phenomena, phase boundaries and boundary layers of phase boundaries, control, micro- and nano-systems, electronics, etc. to be considered for smart systems; Comparative evaluation of different smart actuators and sensors; Analysis of structural concepts and designs in terms of their adaptability to smart technologies; Design and development of smart structures and systems; Biomimetic phenomena and their inspiration in engineering; Fabrication and testing of smart structures and systems; Applications of smart materials, structures and related technology; Smart robots; Morphing wings and smart aircrafts; Artificial muscles and biomedical applications; Smart structures in mechatronics; and Energy harvesting. 

Autoren/Hrsg.

Araujo, Aurelio L.

Mota Soares, Carlos A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;8
3;1 Role of the Structural Nonlinearity in Enhancing the Performance of a Vibration Energy Harvester Based on the Electrets Materials;10
3.1;Abstract;10
3.2;1.1 Introduction;10
3.3;1.2 Investigation;12
3.3.1;1.2.1 State-of-the-Art of the Design of a Electrets–Based Vibration Energy Harvester;12
3.3.2;1.2.2 Configurations of the Electrets–Based Vibration Energy Harvester;12
3.3.3;1.2.3 Goals of This Study;14
3.4;1.3 Analysis;15
3.4.1;1.3.1 A Basic Model of the Electrets–Based Vibration Energy Harvester;15
3.4.2;1.3.2 Modeling of Continuous Beam Configuration: Linear Approach;17
3.4.3;1.3.3 Modeling of Continuous Beam Configuration: Nonlinear Approach;20
3.5;1.4 Advantages of the Structural Nonlinearity in the Design of the Electrets-Based Energy Harvester;21
3.5.1;1.4.1 Stiffening Effect on a Clamped–Clamped Structure;21
3.5.2;1.4.2 Role of the Constraint Compliance on the Stiffening Effect;22
3.6;1.5 Some Design Criteria for the Electrets–Based Energy Harvester;24
3.6.1;1.5.1 Clamped-Sliding Configuration;24
3.6.2;1.5.2 Clamped-Clamped Configuration;26
3.6.3;1.5.3 Application of Additional Constraints;27
3.7;1.6 Conclusion;28
3.8;References;29
4;2 Numerical Analysis of Fracture of Pre-stressed Ferroelectric Actuator Taking into Account Cohesive Zone for Damage Accumulation;31
4.1;2.1 Introduction;32
4.2;2.2 Ferroelectric Materials Constitutive Behavior and Electromechanical Cyclic Cohesive Zone Model;33
4.3;2.3 Numerical Simulation;38
4.4;2.4 Conclusions;45
4.5;References;46
5;3 Modelling the Constitutive Behaviour of Martensite and Austenite in Shape Memory Alloys Using Closed-Form Analytical Continuous Equations;48
5.1;3.1 Introduction;49
5.2;3.2 SMA Model Base Equation;50
5.3;3.3 SMA Model Algorithm;53
5.4;3.4 Model Initialization: Parameter Identification;55
5.5;3.5 Model Parameter Update: Parameter Calculation for Austenite;56
5.5.1;3.5.1 Austenite Unloading;57
5.5.2;3.5.2 Austenite Reloading;59
5.6;3.6 Model Parameter Update: Parameter Calculation for Martensite;61
5.6.1;3.6.1 Martensite Unloading;62
5.6.2;3.6.2 Martensite Reloading;62
5.7;3.7 Experimental Validation and Discussion;63
5.7.1;3.7.1 Monotonic Loading and Unloading and Parameter Identification;64
5.7.2;3.7.2 Austenite Complete Cyclic Loading;65
5.7.3;3.7.3 Austenite Partial Cyclic Loading;67
5.7.4;3.7.4 Martensite Cyclic Loading;68
5.7.5;3.7.5 Experimental Validation on Different Wire Samples;69
5.8;3.8 Conclusion;71
5.9;References;72
6;4 Experimental Investigations of Actuators Based on Carbon Nanotube Architectures;74
6.1;4.1 Introduction;75
6.2;4.2 Experimental Set-Up;77
6.2.1;4.2.1 Set-Up of the Actuated Tensile Test and Test Procedure;78
6.2.2;4.2.2 Quality Assessment and Sample Preparation;80
6.2.3;4.2.3 Mathematical Formulae for Calculating Experimental Results;83
6.3;4.3 Results and Discussion;84
6.3.1;4.3.1 Quality Assessment of CNT-Based Architectures;85
6.3.2;4.3.2 Results of CNT-Papers Tested in Actuated-Tensile Mode;89
6.3.3;4.3.3 Results of CNT-Arrays Tested by Actuated Tensile Testing;95
6.4;4.4 Conclusion;100
6.5;References;100
7;5 Efficient Experimental Validation of Stochastic Sensitivity Analyses of Smart Systems;103
7.1;Abstract;103
7.2;5.1 Introduction;103
7.3;5.2 Variance-Based Sensitivity Analysis of a Piezoelectric Beam;104
7.3.1;5.2.1 Stochastic Sensitivity Analysis;104
7.3.2;5.2.2 Mathematical Model of Piezoelectric Beam Dynamics;106
7.3.3;5.2.3 Control Design;108
7.3.4;5.2.4 Numerical Results of a Monte Carlo Simulation;109
7.4;5.3 Experimental Validation of Stochastic Sensitivity Analyses;111
7.4.1;5.3.1 Model-Based Experimental Design;111
7.4.2;5.3.2 Experimental Setup;112
7.4.3;5.3.3 Experimental Validation;113
7.5;5.4 Conclusions;117
7.6;References;118
8;6 Design of Control Concepts for a Smart Beam Structure with Sensitivity Analysis of the System;120
8.1;6.1 Introduction;121
8.2;6.2 The Smart Beam Structure;122
8.2.1;6.2.1 Finite Element Model;123
8.2.2;6.2.2 Model Order Reduction;124
8.3;6.3 Control Concepts;126
8.3.1;6.3.1 Linear Quadratic Regulator;126
8.3.2;6.3.2 Lead Control;127
8.4;6.4 Comparison of Control Concepts Applied to the Reference Smart Beam Structure;128
8.4.1;6.4.1 Bode Magnitude Plot;128
8.4.2;6.4.2 Step Response;129
8.5;6.5 Robustness Analysis of the Controllers;131
8.5.1;6.5.1 The Full Factorial Simulation;131
8.5.2;6.5.2 Results and Discussion;132
8.6;6.6 Conclusion;134
8.7;References;136
9;7 Adaptive Inductor for Vibration Damping in Presence of Uncertainty;138
9.1;7.1 Introduction;138
9.2;7.2 Linear RL Shunt;140
9.2.1;7.2.1 Optimal Tuning;142
9.3;7.3 Robustness of RL Shunt;144
9.3.1;7.3.1 Sensitivity to R;144
9.3.2;7.3.2 Sensitivity to ?e;145
9.4;7.4 Adaptive RL Shunt;145
9.4.1;7.4.1 Adaptation Law;145
9.4.2;7.4.2 Measurement of Q and x;147
9.4.3;7.4.3 Sensitivity of ??;148
9.5;7.5 Experiments;149
9.5.1;7.5.1 Setup;149
9.5.2;7.5.2 Electrical Circuits;151
9.5.3;7.5.3 Results;152
9.6;7.6 Conclusion;155
9.7;References;156
10;8 Active Control of the Hinge of a Flapping Wing with Electrostatic Sticking to Modify the Passive Pitching Motion;157
10.1;8.1 Introduction;158
10.2;8.2 Passive Pitching Flapping Motion;159
10.2.1;8.2.1 Flapping Wing Design;159
10.2.2;8.2.2 Passive Pitching and Wing Kinematics;161
10.3;8.3 Electrostatically Controlled Hinge Theory;162
10.3.1;8.3.1 Proposed Elastic Hinge Design;162
10.3.2;8.3.2 Voltage-Induced Stresses Between Stacked Layers;163
10.3.3;8.3.3 Behavior of the Active Hinge During Large Deflections;164
10.3.4;8.3.4 Voltage-Dependent Hinge Properties;167
10.4;8.4 Equation of Motion of Passive Pitching Motion;168
10.5;8.5 Experimental Analysis;170
10.5.1;8.5.1 Realization of Wing with Active Hinge;170
10.5.2;8.5.2 Experimental Setup;171
10.5.3;8.5.3 Experimental Results;172
10.6;8.6 Numerical Analysis and Comparison to Experimental Results;174
10.7;8.7 Conclusions and Recommendations;176
10.8;References;177
11;9 Control System Design for a Morphing Wing Trailing Edge;179
11.1;Abstract;179
11.2;9.1 Introduction;180
11.3;9.2 System Architecture;181
11.4;9.3 Actuators Selection and Layout;183
11.5;9.4 Sensor System Layout;186
11.6;9.5 Control Logic;188
11.7;9.6 Results;191
11.8;9.7 Conclusions and Future Developments;195
11.9;Acknowledgements;195
11.10;References;196
12;10 Towards the Industrial Application of Morphing Aircraft Wings—Development of the Actuation Kinematics of a Droop Nose;198
12.1;Abstract;198
12.2;10.1 Introduction;199
12.3;10.2 Development of the Actuation Kinematics of a Droop Nose;199
12.4;10.3 Computational Modeling;201
12.4.1;10.3.1 Numerical Optimization;201
12.4.2;10.3.2 Geometrical Construction Method;204
12.5;10.4 Weight Estimation of the Mechanical Actuation System;208
12.6;10.5 Conclusions;209
12.7;Acknowledgements;210
12.8;References;210
13;11 Artificial Muscles Design Methodology Applied to Robotic Fingers;211
13.1;11.1 Introduction;212
13.2;11.2 Artificial Muscle Design Methodology;213
13.2.1;11.2.1 Particularized Methodology for Robotic Fingers;214
13.3;11.3 Under Actuated Robotic Finger ProMain-I;214
13.3.1;11.3.1 Kinematic Model of the ProMain-I Finger;215
13.3.2;11.3.2 Dynamic Model of the ProMain-I Finger;217
13.4;11.4 Experimental Set-Up;218
13.4.1;11.4.1 First Experiment: Measure of the Human Hand Pinch Force;219
13.4.2;11.4.2 Second Experiment: Measure of the Robotic Finger Pinch Force;220
13.5;11.5 Requirements and Characterization of the Artificial Muscle;221
13.5.1;11.5.1 Parameters Quantification;222
13.5.2;11.5.2 Material Selection;224
13.6;11.6 Conclusions;226
13.7;References;227
14;12 Methods for Assessment of Composite Aerospace Structures;228
14.1;Abstract;228
14.2;12.1 Introduction;229
14.3;12.2 Composite Samples;230
14.4;12.3 Electromechanical Impedance Method (EMI);231
14.5;12.4 Laser Doppler Vibrometry;235
14.5.1;12.4.1 Vibration-Based Method;235
14.5.2;12.4.2 Guided Waves-Based Method;239
14.6;12.5 Terahertz Spectroscopy;240
14.7;12.6 Conclusions;243
14.8;Acknowledgements;244
14.9;References;245
15;13 Design Optimization and Reliability Analysis of Variable Stiffness Composite Structures;246
15.1;Abstract;246
15.2;13.1 Introduction;247
15.3;13.2 Discrete Material Optimization (DMO);248
15.4;13.3 Problem Formulation;249
15.5;13.4 Optimization Strategy;250
15.5.1;13.4.1 Move Limit Strategy;252
15.5.2;13.4.2 Penalty Continuation Scheme;252
15.6;13.5 Reliability Analysis;253
15.6.1;13.5.1 Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) Approach;253
15.6.2;13.5.2 First Order Reliability Method (FORM);254
15.6.3;13.5.3 Stochastic Response Surface Method;255
15.7;13.6 Results and Discussion;255
15.7.1;13.6.1 Reliability Analysis Results;258
15.7.1.1;13.6.1.1 Reliability Analysis Using Tip Deflection Limit State;258
15.7.1.2;13.6.1.2 Reliability Analysis Using First-Ply Failure Limit State;260
15.8;13.7 Concluding Remarks;264
15.9;Acknowledgements;265
15.10;References;265
16;14 Robust Multi-objective Evolutionary Optimization-Based Inverse Identification of Three-Dimensional Elastic Behaviour of Multilayer Unidirectional Fibre Composites;267
16.1;Abstract;267
16.2;14.1 Introduction;268
16.3;14.2 Identifiable 3D Elastic Behaviours of Composites;270
16.4;14.3 Robust Multi-objective Evolutionary Optimization-Based Inverse Identification Methodology;275
16.5;14.4 Multilayer UD CFRP Composite Plate Elastic Behaviour Inverse Identification;278
16.5.1;14.4.1 Identifiable Three-Dimensional Elastic Behaviours Analyses;280
16.5.2;14.4.2 A Priori Sensitivity-Based Identifiable Behaviours Analyses;284
16.6;14.5 Summary Conclusions;288
16.7;Acknowledgement;289
16.8;Appendix A;289
16.9;Appendix B;292
16.10;Appendix C;292
16.11;References;293