Ashby Materials and the Environment

Eco-informed Material Choice
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-0-08-088448-6
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 400 Seiten

Materials and the Environment is the first book devoted solely to the environmental aspects of materials and their selection, production, use and disposal. Written by Mike Ashby, one of the world's foremost materials authorities, the book introduces methods and tools for thinking about and designing with materials within the context of their role in products and the environmental consequences. The tools developed in the text are implemented in the CES EduPack Eco Design Edition software and new Eco Audit Tool available from Granta Design. The book provides in-depth coverage of such topics as material consumption and its drivers; the material lifecycle; eco-informed material selection; renewable materials and sustainability; legislative and regulatory aspects; and eco-profiles of more than 40 widely used materials. It contains numerous case studies showing how the methods discussed in the book can be applied to real-world situations. It includes full-color data-sheets for many of the most commonly used materials, featuring such environmentally relevant information as their annual production and reserves, embodied energy and process energies, carbon footprints, and recycling data. This book will appeal to instructors of materials science and selection courses, as well as to instructors of industrial and product design courses; students of engineering, materials science and industrial/product design; materials and industrial engineers; and product designers.* The first book devoted solely to the environmental aspects of materials and their selection, production, use and disposal, by noted materials authority Mike Ashby.
* Introduces methods and tools for thinking about and designing with materials within the context of their role in products and the environmental consequences.
* Contains numerous case studies showing how the methods discussed in the book can be applied to real-world situations.
* Includes full-color data-sheets for 60 of the most widely used materials, featuring such environmentally relevant information as their annual production and reserves, embodied energy and process energies, carbon footprints, and recycling data.
* The tools developed in the text are implemented in the CES EduPack Eco Design Edition software and new Eco Audit Tool available from Granta Design.

Royal Society Research Professor Emeritus at Cambridge University and Former Visiting Professor of Design at the Royal College of Art, London, UKMike Ashby is sole or lead author of several of Elsevier's top selling engineering textbooks, including Materials and Design: The Art and Science of Material Selection in Product Design, Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, Materials and the Environment, and Materials: Engineering, Science, Processing and Design. He is also coauthor of the books Engineering Materials 1&2, and Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Ashby, Michael F.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front cover;1
2;Materials and the environment: Eco-informed material choice;4
3;Copyright page;5
4;Table of contents;6
5;Preface;8
6;Acknowledgments;12
7;Chapter 1. Introduction: material dependence;14
7.1;1.1 Introduction and synopsis;14
7.2;1.2 Materials: a brief history;15
7.3;1.3 Learned dependency: the reliance on nonrenewable materials;19
7.4;1.4 Materials and the environment;20
7.5;1.5 Summary and conclusion;24
7.6;1.6 Further reading;24
7.7;1.7 Exercises;25
8;Chapter 2. Resource consumption and its drivers;28
8.1;2.1 Introduction and synopsis;28
8.2;2.2 Resource consumption;29
8.3;2.3 Exponential growth and doubling times;37
8.4;2.4 Reserves, the resource base, and resource life;40
8.5;2.5 Summary and conclusion;47
8.6;2.6 Further reading;48
8.7;2.7 Exercises;48
8.8;Exercises using CES Eco Level 2;51
9;Chapter 3. The materials life cycle;52
9.1;3.1 Introduction and synopsis;52
9.2;3.2 The material life cycle;53
9.3;3.3 Life-cycle assessment: details and difficulties;55
9.4;3.4 Streamlined LCA;61
9.5;3.5 The strategy for eco-selection of materials;65
9.6;3.6 Summary and conclusion;68
9.7;3.7 Further reading;69
9.8;3.8 Appendix: software for LCA;71
9.9;3.9 Exercises;74
10;Chapter 4. End of first life: a problem or a resource?;78
10.1;4.1 Introduction and synopsis;78
10.2;4.2 What determines product life?;79
10.3;4.3 End-of-first-life options;80
10.4;4.4 The problem of packaging;83
10.5;4.5 Recycling: resurrecting materials;85
10.6;4.6 Summary and conclusion;91
10.7;4.7 Further reading;91
10.8;4.8 Appendix: designations used in recycle marks;92
10.9;4.9 Exercises;95
11;Chapter 5. The long reach of legislation;98
11.1;5.1 Introduction and synopsis;98
11.2;5.2 Growing awareness and legislative response;99
11.3;5.3 International treaties, protocols, and conventions;100
11.4;5.4 National legislation: standards, directives, taxes, trading tools;102
11.5;5.5 Economic instruments: taxes and trading schemes;106
11.6;5.6 The consequences;108
11.7;5.7 Summary and conclusion;110
11.8;5.8 Further reading;110
11.9;5.9 Exercises;111
12;Chapter 6. Ecodata: values, sources, precision;114
12.1;6.1 Introduction and synopsis;114
12.2;6.2 Data precision: recalibrating expectations;115
12.3;6.3 The eco-attributes of materials;116
12.4;6.4 Energy and CO[sub(2)] footprints of energy, transport, and use;124
12.5;6.5 Exploring the data: property charts;127
12.6;6.6 Summary and conclusion;134
12.7;6.7 Further reading;134
12.8;6.8 Exercises;139
12.9;Exercises using the ces software;140
13;Chapter 7. Eco-audits and eco-audit tools;142
13.1;7.1 Introduction and synopsis;142
13.2;7.2 Eco-audits;143
13.3;7.3 Case study: an electric kettle;149
13.4;7.4 Case study: a coffee maker;151
13.5;7.5 Case study: a portable space heater;152
13.6;7.6 Auto bumpers: exploring substitution;155
13.7;7.7 Family car: comparing material energy with use energy;157
13.8;7.8 Energy flows and payback time of a wind turbine;159
13.9;7.9 Computer-aided eco-auditing;161
13.10;7.10 Summary and conclusion;162
13.11;7.11 Further reading;162
13.12;7.12 Appendix: the CES eco-audit tool;162
13.13;Case study: a 2000 W electric hairdryer;165
13.14;7.13 Exercises;168
13.15;Exercises using the CES eco-audit tool;171
14;Chapter 8. Selection strategies;174
14.1;8.1 Introduction and synopsis;174
14.2;8.2 The selection strategy: choosing a car;175
14.3;8.3 Principles of materials selection;177
14.4;8.4 Selection criteria and property charts;183
14.5;8.5 Resolving conflicting objectives: tradeoff methods;187
14.6;8.6 Five useful charts;191
14.7;8.7 Computer-aided selection;197
14.8;8.8 Summary and conclusion;198
14.9;8.9 Further reading;199
14.10;8.10 Appendix: deriving material indices;200
14.11;8.11 Exercises;207
14.12;Exploring design using CES Edu level 2 ECO;209
15;Chapter 9. Eco-informed material selection;212
15.1;9.1 Introduction and synopsis;212
15.2;9.2 Which bottle is best? selection per unit of function;213
15.3;9.3 Crash barriers: matching choice to purpose;215
15.4;9.4 Deriving and using indices: materials for light, strong shells;218
15.5;9.5 Heating and cooling;222
15.6;9.6 Transport;228
15.7;9.7 Summary and conclusion;239
15.8;9.8 Further reading;240
15.9;Solutions to standard problems: (a) stiffness and strength;240
15.10;Solutions to standard problems: (b) heat flow;241
15.11;9.9 Exercises;241
15.12;Exercises Using the CES Edu Software;243
16;Chapter 10. Sustainability: living on renewables;244
16.1;10.1 Introduction and synopsis;244
16.2;10.2 The concept of sustainable development;245
16.3;10.3 The ecological metaphor;246
16.4;10.4 Sustainable energy;250
16.5;10.5 Sustainable materials;253
16.6;10.6 Summary and conclusion;256
16.7;10.7 Further reading;257
16.8;10.8 Exercises;257
17;Chapter 11. The bigger picture: future options;260
17.1;11.1 Introduction and synopsis;260
17.2;11.2 Material value;262
17.3;11.3 Carbon, energy, and GDP;267
17.4;11.4 Gathering clouds: threats[sup(6)];270
17.5;11.5 Opportunities;272
17.6;11.6 Summary and conclusion;273
17.7;11.7 Further reading;274
17.8;11.8 Exercises;275
18;Chapter 12. Material profiles;278
18.1;12.1 Introduction and synopsis;278
18.2;12.2 Metals and alloys;280
18.2.1;Aluminum alloys;281
18.2.2;Magnesium alloys;283
18.2.3;Titanium alloys;285
18.2.4;Copper alloys;287
18.2.5;Lead alloys;289
18.2.6;Zinc die-casting alloys;291
18.2.7;Nickel-chromium alloys;293
18.2.8;Nickel-based superalloys;295
18.2.9;Low carbon steel;297
18.2.10;Low alloy steel;299
18.2.11;Stainless steel;301
18.2.12;Cast iron, ductile (nodular);303
18.3;12.3 Polymers;305
18.3.1;Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS);307
18.3.2;Polyamides (Nylons, PA);309
18.3.3;Polypropylene (PP);311
18.3.4;Polyethylene (PE);313
18.3.5;Polycarbonate (PC);315
18.3.6;Polyethylene terephthalate (PET);317
18.3.7;Polyvinylchloride (tpPVC);319
18.3.8;Polystyrene (PS);321
18.3.9;Polylactide (PLA);323
18.3.10;Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA, PHB);325
18.3.11;Epoxies;327
18.3.12;Polyester;329
18.3.13;Phenolics;331
18.3.14;Natural rubber (NR);333
18.3.15;Butyl rubber;335
18.3.16;EVA;337
18.3.17;Polychloroprene (Neoprene, CR);339
18.4;12.4 Ceramics and glasses;341
18.4.1;Brick;343
18.4.2;Stone;345
18.4.3;Concrete;347
18.4.4;Alumina;349
18.4.5;Soda-lime glass;351
18.4.6;Borosilicate glass (Pyrex);353
18.5;12.5 Hybrids: composites, foams, and natural materials;355
18.5.1;CFRP (Isotropic);357
18.5.2;GFRP (Isotropic);359
18.5.3;Sheet molding compound (SMC);361
18.5.4;Bulk molding compound (BMC);363
18.5.5;Rigid polymer foam;365
18.5.6;Flexible polymer foam;367
18.5.7;Paper and cardboard;369
18.5.8;Plywood;371
18.5.9;Softwood: pine, along grain;373
18.5.10;Softwood: pine, across grain;375
18.5.11;Hardwood: oak, along grain;377
18.5.12;Hardwood: oak, across grain;379
19;Appendix: useful numbers and conversions;382
19.1;A.1 Introduction;382
19.2;A.2 Physical constants in SI units;382
19.3;A.3 Conversion of units, general;383
19.4;A.4 Stress and pressure;384
19.5;A.5 Energy and power;384
19.6;A.6 Fuels;385
19.7;A.7 Energy prices (2007 data);386
19.8;A.8 Further reading;386
20;Index;388
20.1;A;388
20.2;B;388
20.3;C;388
20.4;D;389
20.5;E;390
20.6;F;391
20.7;G;391
20.8;H;392
20.9;I;392
20.10;J;392
20.11;K;392
20.12;L;392
20.13;M;393
20.14;N;394
20.15;O;394
20.16;P;394
20.17;Q;396
20.18;R;396
20.19;S;396
20.20;T;397
20.21;U;397
20.22;V;398
20.23;W;398
20.24;Z;398