Atkinson / Jackson / Sharples Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Trees

Studies in the Agricultural and Food Sciences
1. Auflage 2015
ISBN: 978-1-4831-6428-1
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 452 Seiten, Web PDF

Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Trees summarizes the state of knowledge about the mineral nutrition of fruit trees, including peach and apple trees. The discussions are organized around six themes: fruit tree mineral nutrition and crop quality; uptake and transport; effect of soil management and fertilizer applications on nutrient uptake; direct application of nutrients to foliage and fruits; prediction of nutrient requirements; and synthesis. This text consists of 69 chapters and begins with a section dealing with the effects of nutrition on fruit quality. The second section explores the mechanisms of nutrient entry to, and movement within, fruit trees and the means of influencing the nutrition of both the whole tree and the crop by fertilizers and management practices, including irrigation and the use of herbicides. The third section describes methods for predicting the needs of the tree for establishment, growth, and fruit quality. The effects of interactions between nutrition and environment on the mineral composition of fruits are considered, along with an integrated approach to orchard nutrition and bitter pit control, the influence of boron deficiency on fruit quality, and calcium accumulation in apple fruit. This book will be of interest to scientists working in fields such as biochemistry, food technology, agriculture, horticulture, and physiology.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Atkinson, D.

Jackson, J. E.

Sharples, R. O.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Trees;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;10
5;PREFACE;6
6;ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS;8
7;PART I: FRUIT TREE MINERAL NUTRITION AND CROP QUALITY;18
7.1;CHAPTER 1. MINERAL NUTRITION AND FRUIT QUALITY OF TEMPERATEZONE FRUIT TREES;20
7.1.1;References;25
7.2;CHAPTER 2. MODERN CONCEPTS IN FRUIT NUTRITION;28
7.2.1;Early Trends of Fruit Nutrition;28
7.2.2;Nutrient Content of Target Organs;29
7.2.3;Time of Nutrient Requirement;30
7.2.4;Coordination of Tree Physiology with Nutrition;30
7.2.5;Altering Tree Physiology for Maximizing Availability of Ions Alreadyin the Tree;31
7.2.6;References;32
7.3;CHAPTER 3. THE INFLUENCE OF ORCHARD NUTRITION ON THESTORAGE QUALITY OF APPLES AND PEARS GROWN IN THEUNITED KINGDOM;34
7.3.1;Introduction;34
7.3.2;Methods;35
7.3.3;Results and Discussion;35
7.3.4;Conclusions;43
7.3.5;Acknowledgements;43
7.3.6;References;43
7.3.7;Discussion;44
7.4;CHAPTER 4. THE INFLUENCE OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON THE QUALITYAND STORAGE PERFORMANCE OF POME FRUITS GROWN INNORTH AMERICA;46
7.4.1;Mineral Nutrient Effects on Fruit Quality;46
7.4.2;Roles of Nutrients Within Cells;49
7.4.3;Interactions Between Calcium and Other Nutrients Within Cells;52
7.4.4;Conclusion;53
7.4.5;References;54
7.4.6;Discussion;55
7.5;CHAPTER 5. INTERACTION OF NUTRITION AND ENVIRONMENT ONMINERAL COMPOSITION OF FRUITS;58
7.5.1;Introduction;58
7.5.2;Calcium;58
7.5.3;Nitrogen;59
7.5.4;Potassium;60
7.5.5;Magnesium;61
7.5.6;Phosphorus;62
7.5.7;Boron;62
7.5.8;Other Minor Elements;63
7.5.9;Growth Regulators;63
7.5.10;Summary and Conclusion;64
7.5.11;References;64
7.5.12;Discussion;67
7.6;CHAPTER 6. CELL ULTRASTRUCTURE IN APPLE FRUITS IN RELATION TOCALCIUM CONCENTRATION AND FRUIT QUALITY;68
7.6.1;Introduction;68
7.6.2;Materials and Methods;68
7.6.3;Results and Discussion;69
7.6.4;Conclusion;71
7.6.5;References;72
7.6.6;Discussion;72
7.7;CHAPTER 7. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND ELECTRONMICROPROBE STUDIES OF BITTER PIT IN APPLES;74
7.7.1;Introduction;74
7.7.2;Materials and Methods;74
7.7.3;Results and Discussion;75
7.7.4;Summary;85
7.7.5;References;86
7.7.6;Discussion;86
7.8;CHAPTER 8. AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ORCHARD NUTRITION ANDBITTER PIT CONTROL;88
7.8.1;Introduction;88
7.8.2;Materials and Methods;88
7.8.3;Identification of Important Factors;89
7.8.4;Bitter Pit Control Measures;96
7.8.5;Acknowledgements;98
7.8.6;References;98
7.8.7;Discussion;99
7.9;CHAPTER 9. INFLUENCE OF SHOOT GROWTH, AVERAGE FRUIT WEIGHTAND DAMINOZIDE ON BITTER PIT;100
7.9.1;Introduction;100
7.9.2;Materials and Methods;100
7.9.3;Results;101
7.9.4;Discussion;105
7.9.5;Acknowledgements;107
7.9.6;References;107
7.9.7;Discussion;108
7.10;CHAPTER 10. EFFECTS OF THE SUPPLY OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUMON THE COMPOSITION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF GOLDENDELICIOUS APPLES TO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICALDISORDERS;110
7.10.1;Materials and Methods;110
7.10.2;Results and Discussion;111
7.10.3;Conclusions;113
7.10.4;Acknowlegements;114
7.10.5;References;114
7.10.6;Discussion;114
7.11;CHAPTER 11. WATERCORE: ITS RELATIONSHIP TO MEAN FRUIT SIZE ANDCALCIUM CONCENTRATION AND RELEVANCE TO OTHERDISORDERS;116
7.11.1;Discussion;116
7.12;CHAPTER 12. MINERAL CONTENT OF ANJOU PEAR FRUIT AFFECTEDWITH GREEN BLOTCH;117
7.13;CHAPTER 13. MINERAL NUTRITION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FRUITDISORDERS IN THE NIEDERELBE REGION OF GERMANY;118
7.13.1;Discussion;119
7.14;CHAPTER 14. THE INFLUENCE OF BORON DEFICIENCY ON FRUITQUALITY;120
7.14.1;Materials and Methods;121
7.14.2;Results;122
7.14.3;Discussion;124
7.14.4;Acknowledgments;124
7.14.5;References;125
7.14.6;Discussion;125
8;PART II: UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT;126
8.1;CHAPTER 15. THE EFFECT OF SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS ON ROOTSAND UPTAKE;128
8.1.1;Introduction;128
8.1.2;Root Surface;129
8.1.3;Rate of Entry;132
8.1.4;References;134
8.1.5;Discussion;138
8.2;CHAPTER 16. MINERAL NUTRITION AND TREE ROOT GROWTH;140
8.2.1;Introduction;140
8.2.2;Effects of Nutrition on Growth of Sitka Spruce in the Field;141
8.2.3;The Effect of Different Concentrations of a Balanced Nutrient Solutionon Sitka Spruce with Divided Roots;143
8.2.4;The Effect of Specific Nutrients;144
8.2.5;Plasticity of Root Growth;146
8.2.6;Discussion;148
8.2.7;Acknowledgements;151
8.2.8;References;151
8.2.9;Discussion;152
8.3;CHAPTER 17. THE GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF FRUIT TREE ROOTS:SOME CONSEQUENCES FOR NUTRIENT UPTAKE;154
8.3.1;The Fruit Tree Root System;154
8.3.2;The Physiology of the Root System;157
8.3.3;The Physiology of Individual Roots;159
8.3.4;Root Distribution and Nutrition;161
8.3.5;Conclusions;164
8.3.6;References;165
8.3.7;Discussion;166
8.4;CHAPTER 18. UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS;168
8.4.1;Introduction;168
8.4.2;Nutrient Movement to the Root Surface;168
8.4.3;Nutrient Uptake by the Root;169
8.4.4;Transport of Nutrients Across the Root;174
8.4.5;Transport to the Leaves;175
8.4.6;Conclusion;176
8.4.7;References;177
8.4.8;Discussion;179
8.5;CHAPTER 19. EFFECTS OF TIME AND AMOUNT OF NUTRIENT ADDITIVESON NUTRIENT STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION AND ON FRUITQUALITY;182
8.5.1;References;188
8.6;CHAPTER 20. MINERAL ABSORPTION AND DISTRIBUTION IN YOUNGAPPLE TREES UNDER VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONS;190
8.6.1;Introduction;190
8.6.2;Material and Methods;191
8.6.3;Results;191
8.6.4;Discussion;194
8.6.5;Acknowledgements;197
8.6.6;References;197
8.6.7;Discussion;198
8.7;CHAPTER 21. THE UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT OF CALCIUM IN THE FRUITTREE;200
8.7.1;Introduction;200
8.7.2;Materials and Methods;200
8.7.3;Root Uptake and the Mobilization of Calcium in Wood and Bark;201
8.7.4;Movement of Calcium in the Symplast and Phloem;205
8.7.5;References;207
8.7.6;Discussion;208
8.8;CHAPTER 22. INTERACTION BETWEEN NUTRIENT UPTAKE ANDPHOTOSYNTHESIS;210
8.8.1;Introduction;210
8.8.2;Materials and Methods;210
8.8.3;Results and Discussion;211
8.8.4;References;215
8.9;CHAPTER 23. CROP LOAD AND NUTRIENT TRANSLOCATION;218
8.9.1;Introduction;218
8.9.2;Materials and Methods;218
8.9.3;Results;219
8.9.4;Discussion;222
8.9.5;Acknowledgment;227
8.9.6;References;227
8.9.7;Discussion;228
8.10;SECTION: GENERAL DISCUSSION ON ION UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT;230
8.10.1;DISCUSSION ON MOBILIZATION AND PARTITION OFMINERAL NUTRIENTS;241
8.10.1.1;Reference;232
8.10.1.2;Uptake;241
8.10.1.3;Movement up the Tree and into the Fruits;241
8.10.2;CHAPTER 24. EFFECT OF SUMMER PRUNING TREATMENTS OF VIGOROUSAPPLE TREES ON THE NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF FOLIAGEAND FRUITS;233
8.10.3;CHAPTER 25. DISTRIBUTION OF SOME ELEMENTS IN LEAVES AND FRUITSOF GOLDEN DELICIOUS GROWN ON DIFFERENTROOTSTOCKS UNDER THE SAME NUTRITIONALCONDITIONS;235
8.10.4;CHAPTER 26. 15N IN FRUIT TREE NUTRITION;236
8.10.5;CHAPTER 27. CHANGES IN APPLE BARK STORAGE PROTEIN AT THEONSET OF GROWTH;237
8.10.6;CHAPTER 28. GROWTH REGULATORS AND CALCIUM ACCUMULATIONIN APPLE FRUIT;239
8.10.7;CHAPTER 29. UPTAKE OF NUTRIENTS BY THE APPLE FRUIT;240
9;PART Ill: EFFECT OF SOIL MANAGEMENT AND FERTILIZERAPPLICATIONS ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE;244
9.1;CHAPTER 30. UPTAKE OF NUTRIENTS BY TREES GROWN IN HERBICIDESTRIPS;246
9.1.1;Introduction;246
9.1.2;Mobilization;247
9.1.3;Compensation uptake;249
9.1.4;Application of the theory;253
9.1.5;References;257
9.1.6;Discussion;257
9.2;CHAPTER 31. SOME EFFECTS OF ORCHARD SOIL MANAGEMENT ON THEMINERAL NUTRITION OF APPLE TREES;258
9.2.1;Materials and Methods;258
9.2.2;Results and Discussion;259
9.2.3;Conclusions;268
9.2.4;References;269
9.2.5;Discussion on the Papers of Delver and Atkinson and White;270
9.3;CHAPTER 32. IRRIGATION, WATER STATUS AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE INAN APPLE ORCHARD;272
9.3.1;Effect of Sprinkler Irrigation on Root Distribution, Nutrient Uptakeand Yield of Apple Trees;272
9.3.2;Effect of Drip Irrigation on Root Distribution, Nutrient Uptake andYield of Apple Trees;275
9.3.3;Acknowledgements;279
9.3.4;References;279
9.3.5;Discussion;280
9.4;CHAPTER 33. MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND NUTRITION INAPPLE TREES;282
9.4.1;Discussion;282
9.5;CHAPTER 34. THE IMPORTANCE OF CALCIUM AND NITROGEN SOURCE INFRUIT TREE NUTRITION;284
9.5.1;Introduction;284
9.5.2;Sources;284
9.5.3;Soil Factors;285
9.5.4;Root Factors;287
9.5.5;Conclusion;289
9.5.6;References;289
9.5.7;Discussion;293
9.6;CHAPTER 35. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOIL FACTORS ANDMAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY IN APPLE;296
9.6.1;Results;297
9.6.2;Reference;300
9.6.3;Discussion;300
9.7;SECTION: GENERAL DISCUSSION OF SOIL MANAGEMENT ANDSOIL EFFECTS;301
9.7.1;EFFECTS OF NITROGEN SUPPLY ON SOME COMPONENTSOF APPLE FRUIT QUALITY;302
9.7.1.1;CHAPTER 37. INFLUENCE OF SOURCES, RATES AND TIMES OF SOILAPPLICATION OF NITROGEN ON APPLE TREEPERFORMANCE AND FRUIT QUALITY IN ONTARIO, CANADA;303
9.7.1.2;CHAPTER 38. EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON YIELD ANDQUALITY OF MOLTKE PEAR;304
9.7.1.2.1;Discussion;304
9.7.1.3;CHAPTER 39. EFFECTS OF HERBICIDE STRIP WIDTH AND NITROGEN ONCROP AND FRUIT QUALITY;306
9.7.1.4;CHAPTER 40. INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN NUTRITION ON THE FRUITQUALITY OF VIRUS-FREE AND VIRUS-INFECTED APPLETREES;307
9.7.1.5;CHAPTER 41. THE EFFECTS OF ORCHARD AND ENVIRONMENTALFACTORS ON PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGENCONCENTRATIONS IN APPLE AND PEAR FRUITS;308
9.7.1.6;CHAPTER 42. INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON YIELDAND QUALITY OF CANNED FRUITS;309
9.7.1.6.1;Materials and Methods;309
9.7.1.6.2;Results and Discussion;309
9.7.1.6.3;Reference;310
9.7.1.7;CHAPTER 43. NITROGEN AND LIME TREATMENT EFFECTS ON THENUTRIENT BALANCE OF APPLES;311
9.7.1.8;CHAPTER 44. MINERAL UPTAKE BY COX APPLE TREES OVER A SEASON;313
9.7.1.8.1;Reference;314
9.7.1.9;CHAPTER 45. GROWTH AND MINERAL ACCUMULATION OF APPLE TREES;315
9.7.1.10;CHAPTER 46. NITROGEN BALANCE OF ORCHARDS INFLUENCED BY SOILMANAGEMENT;316
9.8;SECTION: DISCUSSION SESSION ON NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUSNUTRITION;318
9.8.1;The Need for Supplementary Nitrogen;318
9.8.2;Nitrogen Availability;319
9.8.3;Nitrogen Supply and Tree Physiology;320
9.8.4;Period of Nitrogen Demand;320
9.8.5;Phosphorus and Soil Management;321
9.8.6;Disease Effects on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptake;321
10;PART IV: DIRECT APPLICATION OF NUTRIENTS TO FOLIAGEAND FRUITS;324
10.1;CHAPTER 47. DRESSING OR SPRAYING CALCIUM FOR BITTER PITCONTROL;326
10.1.1;Introduction;326
10.1.2;Materials and Methods;326
10.1.3;Results;327
10.1.4;Discussion;331
10.1.5;References;331
10.1.6;Discussion;332
10.2;CHAPTER 48. THE INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE RATE AND SPRAYMETHOD ON THE CALCIUM CONCENTRATION OF APPLEFRUITS;333
10.2.1;Discussion;333
10.3;CHAPTER 49. FOLIAR PENETRATION OF MICRONUTRIENTS: STUDY WITHISOLATED PEAR LEAF CUTICLES OF CUTICULARRETENTION AND PENETRATION OF ZINC;335
10.3.1;Related Literature;335
10.4;CHAPTER 50. BITTER PIT-LIKE SYMPTOMS IN QUINCES; EFFECT OFCALCIUM AND BORON SPRAYS ON THE CONTROL OF THEDISORDER;336
10.4.1;Experimental Method;336
10.4.2;Results;337
10.4.3;Discussion;342
10.4.4;References;343
10.4.5;Discussion;343
10.5;CHAPTER 51. INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHORUS SPRAYS ON THE STORAGEQUALITY OF APPLES;344
10.5.1;Discussion;344
10.6;CHAPTER 52. CALCIUM ABSORPTION IN APPLES AND PEARS TREATEDPOSTHARVEST WITH CALCIUM, ZINC OR UREA;346
10.6.1;Introduction;346
10.6.2;Materials and Methods;346
10.6.3;Results;347
10.6.4;Discussion;348
10.6.5;References;348
10.7;CHAPTER 53. THE INFLUENCE OF POSTHARVEST CALCIUM TREATMENTSON THE INTERNAL BROWNING OF PASSE CRASSANE PEARS;349
10.7.1;References;350
10.8;CHAPTER 54. AUTORADIOGRAPHIC LOCALIZATION OF 45Ca AND 36C1AFTER POSTHARVEST DIPPING OF APPLE FRUITS;351
10.8.1;Discussion;352
10.9;CHAPTER 55. DIRECT UPTAKE OF CALCIUM BY THE FRUIT FROMPOSTHARVEST APPLICATION;354
10.9.1;Discussion;354
10.10;SECTION: GENERAL DISCUSSION OF POSTHARVEST VACUUMINFILTRATION TREATMENTS;356
10.10.1;Introduction to Discussion by R.O. Sharpies;356
10.10.2;General Discussion;357
11;PART V: PREDICTION OF NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS;360
11.1;CHAPTER 56. NUTRIENT CYCLING: THE ESTIMATION OF ORCHARDNUTRIENT UPTAKE;362
11.1.1;Introduction;362
11.1.2;Earlier Studies (USA);362
11.1.3;Recent Studies in England;365
11.1.4;The Nutrient Demand on the Soil;366
11.1.5;Orchard Fertilizer Requirements;367
11.1.6;Conclusions;368
11.1.7;References;368
11.1.8;Discussion;369
11.2;CHAPTER 57. NITROGEN FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS OF FRUIT TREESAS RELATED TO SOIL MINERAL NITROGEN CONTENT INSPRING;370
11.3;CHAPTER 58. SOIL AND TISSUE ANALYSIS IN PREDICTING NUTRIENTNEEDS;372
11.3.1;Introduction;372
11.3.2;Soil Analysis;373
11.3.3;Plant Analysis;375
11.3.4;Soil-Plant Nutrient Relationships;377
11.3.5;Conclusions;378
11.3.6;References;379
11.3.7;Discussion;381
11.4;CHAPTER 59. LEAF ANALYSIS OF PEACH AND APPLE TREES IN ITALY(Summary);382
11.4.1;Discussion;382
11.5;CHAPTER 60. THE USE OF LEAF ANALYSIS IN ADVISORY WORKIN THE UK;383
11.6;CHAPTER 61. THE USE OF LEAF ANALYSIS IN PREDICTING STORAGEQUALITY OF APPLES;384
11.6.1;Discussion;384
11.7;CHAPTER 62. CONSERVATION AND REUTILIZATION OF BARK PROTEINSIN APPLE TREES;386
11.7.1;Introduction;386
11.7.2;Materials and Methods;386
11.7.3;Results;387
11.7.4;Discussion;391
11.7.5;References;393
11.7.6;Discussion;394
11.8;CHAPTER 63. EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MANGANESE ANDBORON UPON THE NUTRIENT STATUS AND THE INCIDENCEOF INTERNAL BARK NECROSIS IN APPLE TREES;395
11.8.1;Discussion;395
11.9;CHAPTER 64. BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS FOR MICRONUTRIENTDEFICIENCIES. A CASE STUDY: IRON NUTRITION OF APPLETREES AND PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY;396
11.9.1;Diagnosing Iron Deficiency Symptoms;396
11.9.2;Predicting Iron Requirement;396
11.10;CHAPTER 65. THE PREDICTION OF BITTER PIT;397
11.10.1;Discussion;398
11.11;CHAPTER 66. USE OF APPLE ANALYSIS;400
11.11.1;Introduction;400
11.11.2;Prediction;400
11.11.3;Diagnosis;407
11.11.4;Influence of Fertilizer Practice Upon Disorders;407
11.11.5;Fertilizer Policy;409
11.11.6;Discussion;410
11.11.7;Acknowledgement;410
11.11.8;References;410
11.11.9;Discussion;411
11.12;CHAPTER 67. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ANALYSIS OFAPPLE FRUIT;412
11.12.1;Discussion;412
11.13;CHAPTER 68. INFLUENCE OF STORE ENVIRONMENT ON CALCIUMREQUIREMENTS OF FRUIT;413
11.14;SECTION: GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE PREDICTION OFNUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS;414
11.15;CHAPTER 69. FUTURE ANALYTICAL REQUIREMENTS IN THE FRUITINDUSTRY;416
11.15.1;References;422
12;PART VI: SYNTHESIS;424
12.1;SECTION: GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE MINERAL NUTRITION OFFRUIT TREES;426
12.1.1;Soil Management;427
12.1.2;Tree Management;428
12.1.3;Fruit Nutrition;429
13;LIST OF PARTICIPANTS;433
14;INDEX;444