Awange / Ong'ang'a Lake Victoria

Ecology, Resources, Environment
1. Auflage 2006
ISBN: 978-3-540-32575-8
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 354 Seiten

This book constitutes a pioneering and unique work on Lake Victoria. It is the world's second largest fresh-water lake and supports the livelihood of more than 30 million people. Surprisingly, there has been no comprehensive book addressing its problems and potentials. Ecology, environmental pollution and resource management are some of the issues addressed by this comprehensive insight into the limitations, challenges and opportunities facing Lake Victoria.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Awange, Joseph L.

Ong'ang'a, Obiero

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;12
3;1 Introduction;17
4;2 Background of Lake Victoria;20
4.1;2.1 Features of the Lake and its Environs;20
4.1.1;2.1.1 The Origin;20
4.1.2;2.1.2 Physical Description;22
4.1.3;2.1.3 The Name Lake Victoria ;23
4.2;2.2 Population and Demographic Features;26
4.2.1;2.2.1 Historical Perspective of Early Settlements;29
4.2.2;2.2.2 Impact of Colonialism;30
4.3;2.3 Concluding Remarks;31
5;3 Resources;32
5.1;3.1 Introductory Remarks;32
5.2;3.2 Water;33
5.2.1;3.2.1 Lake Water;33
5.2.2;3.2.2 Groundwater Potential;37
5.2.3;3.2.3 Water Balance;38
5.3;3.3 Fisheries;40
5.3.1;3.3.1 Importance of the Fisheries of Lake Victoria;46
5.3.2;3.3.2 Fish Species;48
5.3.3;3.3.3 Exploitation of Fisheries Resources;52
5.3.4;Applied Fishing Gears;54
5.3.5;Tilapia Gillnet Fishery:;57
5.3.6;Long-Line Fishery:;58
5.3.7;Mosquito and Beach Seine Fishery:;58
5.3.8;Traps and Set Net Fishery:;58
5.3.9;Trawlers:;59
5.3.10;3.3.5 Fish Supply and Marketing;60
5.3.11;Agents and Brokers;60
5.3.12;Fish Processing;61
5.3.13;Fish Marketing;61
5.3.14;Marketing Problems;63
5.3.15;Fish Demand;63
5.3.16;Income from Fish Export;64
5.3.17;Fishermen Co-operative Societies;66
5.3.18;Problems Facing these Co-operative Societies;66
5.3.19;3.3.6 Level of Fish Stocks;67
5.3.20;Depletion of Fishes in Lake Victoria: A Historical;68
5.3.21;Perspective;68
5.3.22;Negotiations on Fishing Ban;69
5.3.23;Competition for Fish Harvest;70
5.3.24;3.3.7 Role of Governments in Fisheries Sector;72
5.3.25;The East African Community Development Strategy;72
5.3.26;Project on Lake Victoria Fisheries Management;74
5.3.27;Government of Kenya;74
5.3.28;Fisheries Laws:;75
5.3.29;Fisheries Licenses and Fees:;75
5.3.30;Local Authorities:;77
5.3.31;Management of Fisheries;78
5.3.32;Boundary Con.icts and Fishing Rights;79
5.3.33;Unresolved Management Issues;82
5.3.34;The Beach Management Units (BMUs:);83
5.3.35;Current Governmental Research and Development Focus;83
5.3.36;Establishment of Fish Levy Trust;84
5.3.37;Training Needs for BMUs and Fisheries O.cers.;84
5.3.38;Establishment of the Fish Board of Kenya;85
5.3.39;3.3.8 Introduction of the Nile Perch and its Impact;85
5.3.40;Cultural Impact:;86
5.3.41;Uses of Nile Perch:;87
5.4;3.4 Forests;88
5.5;3.5 Minerals;89
5.6;3.6 Human;90
5.7;3.7 Energy;92
5.8;3.8 Land;95
5.9;3.9 Wildlife;95
5.10;3.10 Wetlands;95
5.11;3.11 Agricultural;96
5.12;3.12 Concluding Remarks;97
6;4 Eco-Tourism;99
6.1;4.1 Introductory Remarks;99
6.2;4.2 Eco-tourism: Bene.ts and Dangers;100
6.3;4.3 Successful Eco-tourism in Lake Victoria;102
6.4;4.4 Rich Cultural and Tourist Attraction Sites;102
6.4.1;4.4.1 Impala Park;106
6.4.2;4.4.2 Kisumu Museum;107
6.4.3;4.4.3 Cultural sites in Tanzania and Uganda);109
6.4.4;4.4.4 Kit Mikayi (The Stone of the First Wife);112
6.4.5;4.4.5 Thimlich Ohinga (The Haunting Forest);116
6.4.6;4.4.6 Bird Watching and Sport Fishing;117
6.4.7;4.4.7 The Magic Of Lambwe Valley;118
6.4.8;Magical Safaris;120
6.4.9;4.4.8 Ruma National Park;120
6.5;4.5 Concluding Remarks;123
7;5 Environmental Concerns and Management;126
7.1;5.1 Introductory Remarks;126
7.2;5.2 Environmental State of Lake Victoria;126
7.2.1;5.2.1 Nyanza Gulf;127
7.2.2;5.2.2 Lake Biwa;130
7.2.3;5.2.3 Comparison: Nyanza Gulf and Lake Biwa;132
7.3;5.3 The Lake’s Contribution to Environment;133
7.3.1;5.3.1 In.uence on Weather and Climate;133
7.3.2;5.3.2 The Lake and the Physical Environment;136
7.4;5.4 Choking of Lake Victoria;137
7.4.1;5.4.1 Water Hyacinth;137
7.4.2;Ecological Impact;139
7.4.3;Evapotranspiration:;139
7.4.4;Eutrophication:;139
7.4.5;Reduction of Biodiversity:;140
7.4.6;Impacts on Human Activities;141
7.4.7;Controlling the Water Hyacinth;142
7.4.8;Economic Potential of Water Hyacinth;146
7.4.9;Composting:;146
7.4.10;Fodder and Silage:;146
7.4.11;Production of Dry Fuel:;146
7.4.12;Yarn and Rope:;146
7.4.13;Making of Furniture and Handicraft:;146
7.4.14;Biogas Production:;147
7.4.15;Production of Building Boards:;147
7.4.16;Production of Paper:;148
7.4.17;5.4.2 Pollution of the Lake’s Waters;148
7.4.18;Eutrophication of the Lake;152
7.4.19;Sedimentation of the Lake;155
7.4.20;Toxic Chemical Pollution of the Lake;158
7.4.21;Biological;160
7.4.22;Oxygen Demand;160
7.5;5.5 Pollution from Transportation Sector;161
7.5.1;5.5.1 Transportation Sector: General Pollution of Lake;163
7.5.2;Victoria;163
7.5.3;5.5.2 Car Washing: The Emerging Threat to the Lake;169
7.5.4;Case Study: Kichinjio Beach;170
7.6;5.6 Sanitation and Health issues;176
7.6.1;5.6.1 E.ects of Algal Blooms;177
7.6.2;5.6.2 Water Pollution: Associated Human Health Problems;180
7.6.3;Chemical Pollution: E.ect on Human Health;180
7.6.4;Sewage Pollution: E.ect on Human Health;182
7.7;5.7 Hazards and Disasters around the Lake;182
7.7.1;5.7.1 Floods and Droughts;183
7.7.2;5.7.2 Thunderstorms, Hailstorms and Lightning;184
7.7.3;5.7.3 Strong Winds;185
7.7.4;5.7.4 Solutions to Weather Related Problems;185
7.7.5;Recommendations;187
7.7.6;5.7.5 Regional Con.icts: The Refugee Factor;187
7.8;5.8 Concluding Remarks;188
8;6 Poverty Challenges in the Lake Victoria Basin;192
8.1;6.1 Introductory Remarks;192
8.1.1;United Nations;192
8.1.2;Copenhagen Social Summit;193
8.1.3;National Poverty Eradication Plan,;193
8.1.4;Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper;193
8.2;6.2 The Concept of Poverty;193
8.2.1;poverty.;194
8.2.2;6.2.1 De.nition;194
8.2.3;Subjective and Objective De.nitions;196
8.2.4;Dimensions of Poverty;197
8.2.5;poverty;197
8.2.6;inequality,;197
8.2.7;Welfare Monitoring Survey;197
8.2.8;WMS;197
8.2.9;Absolutist View of Poverty;197
8.2.10;Relative Poverty;198
8.2.11;Poverty is Socially De.ned;198
8.2.12;Historically De.ned Poverty and Its Measurement;199
8.2.13;Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development;200
8.2.14;(OECD): De.nition of Poverty;200
8.2.15;Organization;200
8.2.16;Economic;200
8.2.17;Cooperation;200
8.2.18;Development;200
8.2.19;Various International Conceptions of Poverty;200
8.2.20;United Nation’s Concept of Poverty:;200
8.2.21;The European Community: De.nition of Poverty:;202
8.2.22;MS De.nition of Poverty:;202
8.2.23;6.2.2 Conceptions of Poverty Known to Kenyans in Di.erent;203
8.2.24;Languages;203
8.3;6.3 Poverty in the Lake Basin (Kenya);204
8.3.1;Gender and Food Security:;209
8.3.2;Regional Di.erences in the Incidence of Poverty in Kenya:;209
8.3.3;Food Poverty in the Lake Victoria (Kenya):;212
8.4;6.4 Poverty Eradication Policies in Kenya;213
8.4.1;6.4.1 Concern with Poverty in Kenya;213
8.4.2;6.4.2 Role of the Commission for Poverty Eradication;215
8.4.3;6.4.3 Slow Progress in Poverty Eradication;215
8.4.4;6.4.4 Poverty Eradication Plans since Independence;216
8.4.5;National Rainbow Coalition;223
8.4.6;Narc);223
8.4.7;District;225
8.4.8;Focus;225
8.4.9;Rural Development;225
8.4.10;DFRD).;225
8.4.11;Social Dimensions;227
8.4.12;Development;227
8.4.13;SDD;228
8.4.14;6.4.5 Lessons from Previous E.orts on Poverty;231
8.5;6.5 Concluding Remarks;232
9;7 Economic Development;233
9.1;7.1 Introductory Remarks;233
9.1.1;7.2.1 Transport and Communications Infrastructure;236
9.1.2;7.2.2 Electrical Power Network;237
9.2;7.3 General Deterioration of the Region’s Economy;238
9.2.1;Collapse of Economic Enterprizes;240
9.2.2;Collapse of the Cotton:;240
9.2.3;Limping Sugar Cane Industries:;240
9.2.4;Demise of the Rice Industry:;240
9.2.5;Collapse of the Mineral Resource Industry:;240
9.2.6;Collapsed Piers:;240
9.2.7;Lake Basin Development Authority (LBDA):;240
9.2.8;Lake Basin;240
9.2.9;Development Authority;240
9.2.10;LBDA);240
9.2.11;Fisheries Industry:;241
9.3;7.4 Present E.orts to Develop Lake Victoria Basin;241
9.3.1;7.4.1 The Ice Plant;242
9.3.2;7.4.2 Beach Bank Project;243
9.3.3;Economic Considerations of the project:;245
9.3.4;Social considerations:;246
9.3.5;Political/Legal considerations:;246
9.3.6;7.4.3 Molasses Plant;247
9.3.7;7.4.4 Information and Broadcasting: Radio Lake Victoria;247
9.3.8;Radio Lake Victoria;248
9.3.9;7.4.5 Renewable Energy for Fisherfolks of Lake Victoria;249
9.4;7.5 Concluding Remarks;252
10;8 Rich Wetlands of Lake Victoria;255
10.1;8.1 Introductory Remarks;255
10.2;8.2 Management of the Lake’s Wetlands;256
10.2.1;8.2.1 Economic Values of the Lake’s Wetlands;256
10.2.2;8.2.2 Lake Victoria’s Wetlands: Overexploitation;258
10.2.3;8.2.3 Sustainable Management of Lake Victoria Wetlands;263
10.2.4;8.2.4 Conservation Measures;264
10.3;8.3 Conservation of Biodiversity;267
10.3.1;8.3.1 Birds;267
10.3.2;8.3.2 Other Vertebrates;268
10.4;8.4 Concluding Remarks;269
11;9 Management of Lake Victoria;270
11.1;9.1 Introductory Remarks;270
11.2;9.2 Management Issues;271
11.2.1;Gender Issues;275
11.2.2;Landuse Management;275
11.2.3;Forests;276
11.2.4;Environment;277
11.3;9.3 Conservation and Management;278
11.3.1;9.3.1 Sustainable Development of the Region;279
11.3.2;Poverty Reduction:;279
11.3.3;Urbanization:;280
11.3.4;Reversing Environmental Degradation:;280
11.3.5;Health and the HIV/AIDs Situation:;280
11.3.6;9.3.2 Environmental Management;283
11.4;9.4 Institutions;284
11.4.1;The East African Community (EAC);284
11.4.2;Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (LVFO);284
11.4.3;Lake Victoria Environment Management Project (LVEMP);284
11.4.4;The Lake Victoria Fisheries Research Project (LVFRP);285
11.4.5;The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI);285
11.5;9.5 Communities around the Lake;285
11.5.1;External and Internal Donors;286
11.6;9.6 Concluding Remarks;286
12;10 Challenges Facing Lake Victoria;288
12.1;10.1 Introductory Remarks;288
12.2;10.2 Management Issues Facing Lake Victoria;290
12.2.1;10.2.1 Management of Lake Victoria Resources;292
12.2.2;10.2.2 The Question of Ownership of Lake Victoria: Who;293
12.2.3;Owns the Lake?;293
12.2.4;10.2.3 Jurisdiction and the Political Environment;294
12.2.5;10.2.4 Development Challenges;295
12.3;10.3 The River Nile Treaties;296
12.3.1;10.3.1 The Origins of River Nile;296
12.3.2;10.3.2 Legal Implications of the Defects of Past Treaties;296
12.3.3;The Anglo-Italian Protocol of April 15, 1891:;297
12.3.4;The Treaty between Great Britain and Ethiopia of May;298
12.3.5;1902:;298
12.3.6;The Agreement between Britain and the Government of;299
12.3.7;the Independent State of the Congo on 9th May 1906:;299
12.3.8;The 1901 Agreement between Britain and Italy over the;299
12.3.9;Use of the River Gash:;299
12.3.10;The Tripartite (Britain-France-Italy) Treaty of December;300
12.3.11;13, 1906:;300
12.3.12;the;300
12.3.13;absolute sovereignty ;300
12.3.14;The 1925 Exchange of Notes between Britain and Italy;300
12.3.15;Concerning Lake Tana:;300
12.3.16;The Agreement between Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan;301
12.3.17;of 7th May 1929:;301
12.3.18;The Nile Treaty of 1959:;303
12.3.19;Some Important Terms of the 1959 Nile Treaty:;304
12.3.20;Agreement on a Uni.ed View:;304
12.3.21;Deductions in Equal Parts:;305
12.3.22;Consequences of the Nile Treaty:;305
12.3.23;Military Coup against Dissenting Foreign Governors:;306
12.3.24;Threat of Usage of Force:;306
12.3.25;The Near War with Ethiopia over the Use of Nile Water:;307
12.3.26;The Riparian States and Egyptian Concept on use of River;307
12.3.27;Nile:;307
12.3.28;Demands to Revoke the River Nile Treaty:;307
12.3.29;Source of Acrimony:;309
12.3.30;The New Nile River Treaty:;310
12.4;10.4 Concluding Remarks;312
13;11 Application of Satellites to Lake Victoria;314
13.1;11.1 Satellite Environmental Monitoring;314
13.2;11.2 GPS Monitoring of Lake Victoria;321
13.2.1;11.2.1 Global Positioning System (GPS);321
13.2.2;X;322
13.2.3;Operational Principles of GPS;322
13.2.4;11.2.2 Application of GPS to Lake Victoria’s Border;325
13.2.5;Con.icts;325
13.2.6;11.2.3 GPS Applied to the Lake’s Meteorology;326
13.2.7;GPS Remote Sensing: State of the Art;327
13.2.8;Space Borne GPS Remote Sensing;328
13.2.9;Weather Parameters from Refraction Angles;330
13.2.10;Space Borne GPS Remote Sensing of Lake Victoria;331
13.2.11;Ground-Based GPS Remote Sensing of the Lake;332
13.3;11.3 Satellite Monitoring of Lake Victoria’s Water Level;337
13.3.1;11.3.1 Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE);340
13.3.2;11.3.2 Global Rise in Sea/Lake Level;342
13.3.3;11.3.3 GRACE Analysis of Lake Victoria’s Stored Water;343
13.4;11.4 Lake Victoria Information System–LVIS;344
13.4.1;Geographical Information System;344
13.5;11.5 Concluding Remarks;347
14;References;348
15;Index;358