Badano Textbook of Real-Time Three Dimensional Echocardiography

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1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-84996-495-1
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 198 Seiten

This Textbook will give the reader a detailed understanding of the use of 3D echo covering a wide range of topics; from the evolution of RT3D echo to the role of RT3D echo in drug trials, including chapters on the Principles of Transthoracic and Transesophageal Real-time 3D echocardiography. Other books in this area are more varied, less specific.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Badano, Luigi

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Textbook of Real-Time Three Dimensional Echocardiography;2
1.1;Foreword;4
1.2;Preface;5
1.3;Contents;6
1.4;Contributors;8
1.5;1: The Evolution of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: How Did It Happen;10
1.5.1;1.1 Linear Multiplane Scanning;10
1.5.2;1.2 Gated Sequential Acquisition;10
1.5.3;1.3 Transesophageal Rotational Imaging;11
1.5.4;1.4 Transthoracic Rotational Imaging;11
1.5.5;1.5 Transthoracic Free-Hand Imaging;11
1.5.6;1.6 Transthoracic Real-Time 3D Imaging;13
1.5.7;1.7 From Gated to Single-Beat Acquisition;14
1.5.8;1.8 Transesophageal Real-Time Imaging;14
1.5.9;1.9 Display of 3D Image Information;14
1.5.10;1.10 Volumetric Quantification;16
1.5.11;1.11 Summary;17
1.5.12;References;17
1.6;2: Technical Principles of Transthoracic Three-Dimensional Echocardiography;18
1.6.1;2.1 Introduction;18
1.6.2;2.2 3D Transducer Design and Technology;18
1.6.3;2.3 Beamforming in Three Spatial Dimensions;20
1.6.4;2.4 Frame Rate, Volume Size and Spatial Resolution;20
1.6.5;2.5 3D Displays;22
1.6.5.1;2.5.1 Slice Rendering;22
1.6.5.2;2.5.2 Volume Rendering;23
1.6.5.3;2.5.3 Surface Rendering;25
1.6.6;2.6 3D Imaging Modes;25
1.6.6.1;2.6.1 Multi-plane Imaging;25
1.6.6.2;2.6.2 3D Tissue Imaging;25
1.6.6.3;2.6.3 3D Color Doppler Imaging;26
1.6.6.4;2.6.4 Contrast Enhanced 3D Imaging;26
1.6.7;2.7 Image Artifacts;26
1.6.8;2.8 Measuring in Three Dimensions;26
1.6.8.1;2.8.1 Distances and Areas;26
1.6.8.2;2.8.2 Left Ventricular (LV) Volumes and Ejection Fraction (EF);27
1.6.8.3;2.8.3 Other LV Measurements;28
1.6.8.4;2.8.4 Left Atrium and Right Ventricle;29
1.6.8.5;2.8.5 3D Color Doppler Quantification;29
1.6.8.6;2.8.6 Quantification of Mitral Valve Apparatus;29
1.6.9;2.9 Future Developments;29
1.6.9.1;2.9.1 Transducer Technology;29
1.6.9.2;2.9.2 3D Beamforming;30
1.6.9.3;2.9.3 Portable 3DE;30
1.6.9.4;2.9.4 Data Processing;30
1.6.9.5;2.9.5 3D Monitors;30
1.6.9.6;2.9.6 Navigation;30
1.6.9.7;2.9.7 3D Stress Echocardiography;30
1.6.9.8;2.9.8 Perfusion Imaging;31
1.6.9.9;2.9.9 Quantification;31
1.6.9.10;2.9.10 Image Registration and Fusion;31
1.6.9.11;2.9.11 Connectivity;31
1.6.10;2.10 Concluding Remarks;31
1.6.11;References;32
1.7;3: 3D Transesophageal Echocardiographic Technologies;34
1.7.1;3.1 Introduction;34
1.7.2;3.2 Transducer Technology;34
1.7.3;3.3 Beamforming;36
1.7.4;3.4 Quantification for 3D TEE;38
1.7.5;3.5 Procedural Guidance for 3D TEE;39
1.7.6;References;40
1.8;4: Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Clinical Practice;42
1.8.1;4.1 The Incremental Value of the Third Dimension;42
1.8.2;4.2 Acquisition Modes;42
1.8.3;4.3 How to Navigate Within the 3D Data Set and Visualize the Desired Cardiac Structure?;45
1.8.4;4.4 How to Handle the Present 3D Transducers Technology and the Impact of 3D on Lab Work Flow;49
1.8.5;4.5 Acquisition Protocols and Imaging Views;52
1.8.6;References;53
1.9;5: Advanced Evaluation of LV Function with 3D Echocardiography;54
1.9.1;5.1 Left Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fraction;54
1.9.2;5.2 Left Ventricular Mass;56
1.9.3;5.3 Left Ventricular Wall Motion;57
1.9.4;5.4 Uses of Contrast with Real-Time 3D Echocardiography;58
1.9.4.1;5.4.1 Chamber Opacification;58
1.9.5;5.5 Myocardial Perfusion;59
1.9.6;5.6 Limitations of 3DE Evaluation of the Left Ventricle;59
1.9.7;5.7 Future Developments;60
1.9.8;5.8 Disclosure;61
1.9.9;References;61
1.10;6: Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Mitral Valve;63
1.10.1;6.1 Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Anatomy of the Normal Mitral Valve;63
1.10.2;6.2 Mitral Valve Regurgitation;63
1.10.2.1;6.2.1 Organic Mitral Valve Regurgitation;64
1.10.2.2;6.2.2 Functional Mitral Valve Regurgitation;64
1.10.2.3;6.2.3 Assessment of the Degree of Regurgitation;65
1.10.2.4;6.2.4 Postoperative Assessment of Mitral Valve Repair;66
1.10.3;6.3 Mitral Valve Stenosis;66
1.10.3.1;6.3.1 Morphological Assessment;66
1.10.3.2;6.3.2 Functional Assessment;66
1.10.3.3;6.3.3 Monitoring Percutaneous Mitral Valvuloplasty;68
1.10.4;6.4 3D Echocardiography in the Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves;69
1.10.5;6.5 Mitral Valve Endocarditis;69
1.10.6;6.6 Disclosure;69
1.10.7;References;69
1.11;7: Three Dimensional Echocardiographic Evaluation of LV Dyssynchrony and Stress Testing;71
1.11.1;7.1 Assessment of Intraventricular Dyssynchrony;71
1.11.1.1;7.1.1 Do We Really Need 3D Echocardiography?;71
1.11.1.2;7.1.2 How to Assess Mechanical LV Dyssynchrony with 3D Echocardiography;71
1.11.1.2.1;7.1.2.1 The Systolic Dyssynchrony Index;72
1.11.1.2.2;7.1.2.2 Normal Values and Reproducibility of SDI;73
1.11.1.3;7.1.3 Usefulness of SDI in Predicting the Results of CRT;74
1.11.1.4;7.1.4 Comparison of SDI with Other Methods of Assessing Dyssynchrony;75
1.11.1.4.1;7.1.4.1 Gated Myocardial Perfusion Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (GMPS);75
1.11.1.4.2;7.1.4.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI);75
1.11.1.4.3;7.1.4.3 Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI);76
1.11.1.5;7.1.5 Other Applications of 3D Echocardiography in Dyssynchrony Assessment;76
1.11.1.5.1;7.1.5.1 Assessment of the Latest Contracting Segment;76
1.11.1.5.2;7.1.5.2 Triplane TDI;76
1.11.1.6;7.1.6 Conclusions: Future Directions;77
1.11.2;7.2 Three-Dimensional Stress Echocardiography;77
1.11.2.1;7.2.1 Rationale for Using 3D for Stress Echocardiography: Limitations of 2D Echocardiography;77
1.11.2.2;7.2.2 Modes of Using 3D Echocardiography in Stress Echocardiography: Pros and Cons;78
1.11.2.3;7.2.3 Feasibility of 3D Stress Echocardiography: Use of Contrast;79
1.11.2.4;7.2.4 Acquisition Time;81
1.11.2.5;7.2.5 Reproducibility of 3D Stress Echocardiography;81
1.11.2.6;7.2.6 Diagnostic Accuracy of 3D Stress Echocardiography;81
1.11.2.7;7.2.7 Conclusions: Future Directions;82
1.11.3;7.3 Three-Dimensional Speckle Tracking;83
1.11.3.1;7.3.1 Theoretical Advantages and Limitations of 3D Compared to 2D Speckle Tracking;83
1.11.3.2;7.3.2 How to Perform 3D Speckle Tracking;83
1.11.3.3;7.3.3 Existing Data: Reproducibility of the Method;84
1.11.3.4;7.3.4 Conclusions: Future Directions;84
1.11.4;7.4 Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion Using 3D Echocardiography;84
1.11.4.1;7.4.1 Theoretical Advantages of 3D Compared to 2D Echocardiography for Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion;84
1.11.4.2;7.4.2 Weight of Evidence for 3D Myocardial Perfusion: Limitations to Overcome;84
1.11.4.3;7.4.3 Conclusions: Future Directions;85
1.11.5;References;85
1.12;8: Three-Dimensional Echocardiography of Aortic Valve;89
1.12.1;8.1 Introduction;89
1.12.2;8.2 Methods;89
1.12.3;8.3 3D Imaging in Aortic Valve Disease;90
1.12.4;8.4 Morphological Assessment;91
1.12.5;8.5 Clinical Applications of 3DE in Aortic Stenosis;92
1.12.6;8.6 Aortic Regurgitation;95
1.12.7;8.7 Intraprocedural Studies of Aortic Valve;96
1.12.8;8.8 Summary and Perspectives;96
1.12.9;References;101
1.13;9: Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Right Ventricle;104
1.13.1;9.1 The Right Ventricle;104
1.13.2;References;107
1.14;10: Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease;109
1.14.1;10.1 Introduction;109
1.14.2;10.2 Clinical Applications;109
1.14.3;10.3 Visualization of Morphology;109
1.14.3.1;10.3.1 The Atrioventricular Valves;109
1.14.3.2;10.3.2 Atrioventricular Septal Defect;109
1.14.3.3;10.3.3 The Atrial and Ventricular Septa;110
1.14.3.4;10.3.4 The Aortic Arch, Pulmonary Arteries and Aortopulmonary Shunts;110
1.14.3.5;10.3.5 The Aortic Valve and Outflow Tract;111
1.14.3.6;10.3.6 Characterization of Left Ventricular Noncompaction;111
1.14.4;10.4 Quantitation of Chamber Dimensions, Valve Apparatus, Function and Flows;111
1.14.5;10.5 Left Ventricular Volumetrics in Children;112
1.14.6;10.6 Left Ventricular Mass;112
1.14.7;10.7 Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony;112
1.14.8;10.8 Right Ventricular Volumetrics;112
1.14.9;10.9 Visualization and Quantitation of 3DE Color Flow;113
1.14.10;10.10 Pressure:Volume Loops;113
1.14.11;10.11 Image-Guided Intervention: Trans-thoracic 3DE;113
1.14.12;10.12 Image-Guided Intervention: Trans-esophageal 3DE;113
1.14.13;10.13 Learning Curve;114
1.14.14;10.14 Future Directions;114
1.14.15;10.15 Conclusion;115
1.14.16;References;115
1.15;11: Three-Dimensional Echocardiography to Assess Intra-cardiac Masses;117
1.15.1;11.1 Introduction;117
1.15.2;11.2 Echocardiographic Assessment of Intra-cardiac Masses;117
1.15.3;11.3 The 3D Examination;117
1.15.4;11.4 Real Time 3D Evaluation of Cardiac Masses;117
1.15.5;11.5 Differential Diagnosis;118
1.15.6;11.6 Added Value of 3D Echocardiography in the Assessment of Intra-cardiac Benign, Malignant, and Metastatic Cardiac Tumors;119
1.15.6.1;11.6.1 Unlimited Slicing and Cropping;119
1.15.6.2;11.6.2 Evaluation of the Composition of the Mass;119
1.15.6.3;11.6.3 Unparalleled Level of Anatomic Detail;119
1.15.6.4;11.6.4 Evaluation of the Size of the Cardiac Mass;120
1.15.7;11.7 Visualization of the True Apex,and Calculation of Left Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fraction;121
1.15.8;11.8 Evaluation of Associated Abnormalities;121
1.15.9;11.9 Surgical Planning;121
1.15.10;11.10 Added Value in the Evaluation of Embryonic Remnants and Normal Variants;122
1.15.11;11.11 Added Value in the Evaluation of Thrombi;122
1.15.11.1;11.11.1 Apical Thrombi;122
1.15.11.2;11.11.2 Thrombi and the Left Atrial Appendage;123
1.15.12;11.12 Added Value in the Evaluation of Masses Associated with Cardiomyopathy;123
1.15.13;11.13 Added Value in the Evaluation of Masses and Complications Associated with Devices;124
1.15.14;11.14 Conclusions;124
1.15.15;11.15 Disclosure;124
1.15.16;References;125
1.16;12: Real Time Three Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography for Guidance of Catheter Based Interventions;126
1.16.1;12.1 Introduction;126
1.16.2;12.2 General Considerations;126
1.16.3;12.3 Specific Procedures;127
1.16.3.1;12.3.1 Atrial Septal Defect and Patent Foramen Ovale Closure;127
1.16.3.2;12.3.2 Percutaneous Closure of Ventricular Septal Defect;128
1.16.3.3;12.3.3 Mitral Valve Clipping;128
1.16.3.4;12.3.4 Mitral Balloon Valvulotomy for Mitral Stenosis;129
1.16.3.5;12.3.5 Percutaneous Closure of Prosthetic Valve Dehiscence;130
1.16.4;12.4 Catheter-Based Aortic Valve Implantation;131
1.16.5;12.5 Left Atrial Appendage Obliteration;133
1.16.6;12.6 Pulmonary Vein Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation;135
1.16.7;12.7 Current Status and Future Directions;135
1.16.8;References;136
1.17;13: Future Developments of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography;139
1.17.1;13.1 Transducer Technology;139
1.17.2;13.2 Data Set Navigation and Image Display;140
1.17.3;13.3 Quantification;141
1.17.4;13.4 Connectivity;142
1.17.5;References;142
1.18;14: Real-Time Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography;143
1.18.1;14.1 Overview;143
1.18.2;14.2 Technology;143
1.18.2.1;14.2.1 First Developments: The Rotational Concept;143
1.18.2.2;14.2.2 Current Technology: The Azimuthal Revolution;144
1.18.3;14.3 Relevant Cardiac Anatomy in Real-Time Transesophageal 3DE;145
1.18.4;14.4 Clinical Applications;147
1.18.4.1;14.4.1 Intraoperative Echocardiography;147
1.18.4.2;14.4.2 Percutaneous Catheter and Device-Based Procedures;147
1.18.4.3;14.4.3 Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrial Tachyarrhythmias;149
1.18.5;14.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives;149
1.18.6;References;150
1.19;15: The Role of Echocardiography in the Surgical Management of Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease;151
1.19.1;15.1 Mitral Valve Anatomy;151
1.19.1.1;15.1.1 Mitral Annulus;151
1.19.1.2;15.1.2 Mitral Valve Leaflets;151
1.19.1.3;15.1.3 Mitral Valve Commissures;152
1.19.1.4;15.1.4 Mitral Valve Chordae;152
1.19.1.5;15.1.5 Mitral Valve Papillary Muscle and the Left Ventricle;152
1.19.2;15.2 Quantitation of Mitral Regurgitation;153
1.19.3;15.3 Mitral Valve Imaging;154
1.19.3.1;15.3.1 Mid-esophageal Four-Chamber View;154
1.19.3.2;15.3.2 Mid-esophageal Bi-commissural View;154
1.19.3.3;15.3.3 Mid-esophageal Two-Chamber View;155
1.19.3.4;15.3.4 Mid-esophageal Long-Axis View;155
1.19.3.5;15.3.5 Transgastric Basal Short-Axis View;155
1.19.4;15.4 Real Time Transesophageal 3D Echocardiogram;156
1.19.5;15.5 The Pathophysiologic Triad of Mitral Valve Disease;157
1.19.6;15.6 Post-Repair Assessment;160
1.19.7;References;162
1.20;16: Visualization and Assessment of Coronary Arteries with Three-Dimensional Echocardiography;164
1.20.1;16.1 Introduction;164
1.20.2;16.2 The Detection of Coronary Arteries and Coronary Artery Flow by Conventional Echocardiography;165
1.20.3;16.3 The Detection of Coronary Arteries and Coronary Artery Flow by 3D Echocardiography: Methodological Aspects;165
1.20.4;16.4 Limitations;169
1.20.5;16.5 Summary;170
1.20.6;16.6 Conclusions;170
1.20.7;References;173
1.21;17: Assessment of Tricuspid Valve Morphology and Function;175
1.21.1;17.1 Introduction;175
1.21.2;17.2 Anatomy of Tricuspid Valve;175
1.21.3;17.3 Approaches to 3D Imaging of the Tricuspid Valve;175
1.21.4;17.4 Tricuspid Regurgitation;178
1.21.5;17.5 Tricuspid Stenosis;181
1.21.6;17.6 Infective Endocarditis of the Tricuspid Valve;183
1.21.7;17.7 Congenital;183
1.21.8;17.8 Present Limitations and Future Perspectives;183
1.21.9;17.9 Conclusions;183
1.21.10;References;184
1.22;18: Role of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in Drug Trials;185
1.22.1;18.2 Left Ventricular Geometry and Function;186
1.22.1.1;18.2.1 Left Ventricular Size, Wall Thickness and LV Volumes;186
1.22.1.2;18.2.2 Left Ventricular Mass and Geometry;186
1.22.1.3;18.2.3 Left Ventricular Global and Regional Systolic Function;187
1.22.1.3.1;18.2.3.1 LV Regional Function;189
1.22.1.4;18.2.4 How to Increase Accuracy of Left Ventricular Measurements;189
1.22.1.4.1;18.2.4.1 Performance Recommendations;189
1.22.1.4.2;18.2.4.2 Reading Recommendations;189
1.22.1.4.3;18.3.1 Right Ventricular Size;189
1.22.1.4.4;18.3.2 Right Ventricular Function;191
1.22.2;18.3 Right Ventricular Size and Function;189
1.22.3;18.4 Left Atrial Size and Function;191
1.22.3.1;18.4.1 Left Atrial Volume;191
1.22.4;References;192
1.23;Index;195