Badescu Modeling Solar Radiation at the Earth's Surface

Recent Advances
1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-3-540-77455-6
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 517 Seiten

Solar radiation data is important for a wide range of applications, e.g. in engineering, agriculture, health sector, and in many fields of the natural sciences. A few examples showing the diversity of applications may include: architecture and building design, e.g. air conditioning and cooling systems; solar heating system design and use; solar power generation; evaporation and irrigation; calculation of water requirements for crops; monitoring plant growth and disease control; skin cancer research.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Badescu, Viorel

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;5
2;Preface;7
3;Acknowledgments;19
4;Contents;21
5;List of Contributors;31
6;Solar Radiation Measurement: Progress in Radiometry for Improved Modeling;34
6.1;1 Introduction;34
6.2;2 Solar Radiation Measurement Fundamentals;34
6.3;3 Components of Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere;36
6.4;4 Instrumentation: Solar Radiometer;38
6.5;5 Radiometric Reference and Calibration Methods;41
6.6;6 Uncertainty and Characterization of Solar Radiometers;45
6.7;7 Optimal Radiometry and Correction Techniques;50
6.8;8 Measurement Networks and Data Quality Assessment;51
6.9;9 Conclusions;58
6.10;References;58
7;Fractal Classification of Typical Meteorological Days from Global Solar Irradiance: Application to Five Sites of Different Climates;62
7.1;1 Introduction;62
7.2;2 Solar Radiation;63
7.3;3 Fractal Dimension Estimation;65
7.4;4 Measuring the Fractal Dimension of Signals;69
7.5;5 Classification of the Solar Irradiances to Typical Days;73
7.6;6 Conclusions;85
7.7;References;85
8;Modelling the Statistical Properties of Solar Radiation and Proposal of a Technique Based on Boltzmann Statistics;88
8.1;1 Introduction;88
8.2;2 Physical and Statistical Modelling of Solar Radiation;89
8.3;3 Stochastic Processes. Stationarity;90
8.4;4 The "k" Indices;92
8.5;5 Density and Cumulative Distribution Functions;93
8.6;6 A Research Survey on the Statistical Behaviour of Solar Radiation Components;95
8.7;7 Modelling the Instantaneous Distributions Conditioned by the Optical Air Mass;103
8.8;8 Conditioned Distributions k;118
8.9;9 Conclusions and FutureWork;121
8.10;References;122
9;A Method for Determining the Solar Global and Defining the Diffuse and Beam Irradiation on a Clear Day;126
9.1;1 Introduction;126
9.2;2 Solar Global Irradiation on a Clear Day;127
9.3;3 Solar Horizontal Diffuse and Beam Irradiation on Clear Days;136
9.4;4 Analysis of Solar Irradiation Distribution Types;141
9.5;5 Conclusions;144
9.6;References;145
10;Recent Advances in the Relations between Bright Sunshine Hours and Solar Irradiation;148
10.1;1 Introduction;148
10.2;2 Measurements and Data Availability;149
10.3;3 Angstr om-Prescott Relation and its Physical Significance;152
10.4;4 Physical Modeling and Some Recent Models;155
10.5;5 Model Validation and Comparison;169
10.6;6 Discussions, Conclusions and Future Prospect;171
10.7;References;174
11;Solar Irradiation Estimation Methods from Sunshine and Cloud Cover Data;178
11.1;1 Introduction;178
11.2;2 Basic Equations for Sunshine Duration and Extraterrestrial Solar Irradiation;179
11.3;3 Measured Global Solar Irradiation and Sunshine Duration Properties;181
11.4;4 Angström Equation;182
11.5;5 Enhancing Statistical Meaning of Angström Equation with Two Methodologies;186
11.6;6 Unrestricted Methodology (UM);192
11.7;7 An Alternative Formulation to Angström Equation;198
11.8;8 Conclusions;204
11.9;References;205
12;Solar Irradiation via Air Temperature Data;208
12.1;1 Introduction;208
12.2;2 Prediction from Air Temperature and Cloud Amount;209
12.3;3 Models for Daily Solar Irradiation from Daily Extremes of Air Temperature;213
12.4;4 Fuzzy Models;215
12.5;5 Accuracy of Solar Irradiation Models Based on Air Temperature Data;222
12.6;6 Conclusions;224
12.7;References;224
13;Models of Diffuse Solar Fraction;226
13.1;1 Introduction;226
13.2;2 Defining the Problem;228
13.3;3 Constructing a Model of the Diffuse Fraction;230
13.4;4 Results for Various Locations;237
13.5;5 Validation of the Model;238
13.6;6 Identifying Outliers;240
13.7;7 Conclusion for the Single Predictor Variable Model;242
13.8;8 Identification of Further Explanatory Variables;243
13.9;9 The Daily Solar Profile;249
13.10;10 Algorithms;250
13.11;11 Conclusions;251
13.12;References;251
14;Estimation of Surface Solar Radiation with Artificial Neural Networks;254
14.1;1 Neural Networks: An Overview;254
14.2;2 Biological Neurons;255
14.3;3 Artificial Neurons;256
14.4;4 Artificial Neural Networks;257
14.5;5 The Perceptron;259
14.6;6 Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP);261
14.7;7 Building Neural Networks;264
14.8;8 A Survey of Neural Network Modeling Approaches;274
14.9;9 Conclusions;283
14.10;References;287
15;Dynamic Behavior of Solar Radiation;290
15.1;1 Introduction;290
15.2;2 Averaged Data Sets;293
15.3;3 Processing Data Sets Expected to be Stationary;297
15.4;4 Typical Regimes of Solar Radiation;303
15.5;5 Minute-Long Averages of Global Irradiance;305
15.6;6 Conclusions;312
15.7;Acknowledgement;312
15.8;References;313
16;Time Series Modelling of Solar Radiation;316
16.1;1 Introduction;316
16.2;2 Characteristics of Climatic Variables;317
16.3;3 ARMA Modelling;323
16.4;4 The Daily Model;326
16.5;5 Synthetic Generation;332
16.6;6 The Hourly Model;335
16.7;7 Model Validation;337
16.8;8 Daily Profiling;340
16.9;9 Algorithms;342
16.10;10 Conclusions;343
16.11;References;344
17;A new Procedure to Generate Solar Radiation Time Series from Machine Learning Theory;346
17.1;1 Introduction;346
17.2;2 Probabilistic Finite Automata;347
17.3;3 Generating Solar Irradiation Time Series Using Probabilistic Finite Automata;351
17.4;4 Predicting New Series from PFA;354
17.5;5 Software;357
17.6;6 Conclusions;357
17.7;References;358
18;Use of Sunshine Number for Solar Irradiance Time Series Generation;360
18.1;1 Introduction;360
18.2;2 Meteorological and Actinometric Databases;361
18.3;3 Sunshine Number;363
18.4;4 Simple Clear Sky Model;371
18.5;5 Solar Irradiance Computation on Cloudy Sky;375
18.6;6 Solar Radiation Data Generation;383
18.7;7 Conclusions;385
18.8;References;387
19;The Meteorological Radiation Model (MRM): Advancements and Applications;390
19.1;1 Introduction;390
19.2;2 Stages of the MRM Development;391
19.3;3 Results and Discussion;408
19.4;4 Inter-Comparison of Precipitable Water Expressions;420
19.5;5 Conclusions;422
19.6;Accompanying Material;423
19.7;References;423
20;Chain of Algorithms to Compute Hourly Radiation Data on Inclined Planes used in Meteonorm;426
20.1;1 Introduction;426
20.2;2 Chain of Algorithms;427
20.3;3 Clear Sky Radiation;429
20.4;4 Monthly Means of Global Radiation;429
20.5;5 Daily Values of Global Radiation;430
20.6;6 Hourly Values of Global Radiation;433
20.7;7 Conclusions;441
20.8;References;441
21;Modelling UV -B Irradiance in Canada;444
21.1;1 Introduction;444
21.2;2 The Model;445
21.3;3 Measurements;450
21.4;4 Model Estimates of Spectral Irradiance;450
21.5;5 Conclusions;456
21.6;References;457
22;Angular Distribution of Sky Diffuse Radiance and Luminance;460
22.1;1 Introduction;460
22.2;2 Definitions;461
22.3;3 Models of Angular Distribution of Diffuse Radiance and Luminance;462
22.4;4 Equipment for Observing the Radiance/Luminance Distribution from the Sky Dome;476
22.5;References;479
23;Solar Radiation Derived from Satellite Images;482
23.1;1 Introduction;482
23.2;2 Fundamentals;483
23.3;3 Geostationary Meteorological Satellite Images;485
23.4;4 Satellite-Based Models for Deriving Solar Radiation;486
23.5;5 Assessment of Solar Radiation Derived from Satellite;490
23.6;6 Availability of Data on the Web;491
23.7;7 Conclusions;492
23.8;Information on the CD-ROM;492
23.9;References;493
24;Generation of Solar Radiation Maps from Long- Term Satellite Data;496
24.1;1 Introduction;496
24.2;2 Description of the Method;497
24.3;3 Results and Discussions;507
24.4;4 Conclusions;509
24.5;References;510
25;Validation and Ranking Methodologies for Solar Radiation Models;512
25.1;1 Introduction;512
25.2;2 Types of Models;512
25.3;3 Model Validation Principles;514
25.4;4 Model Sensitivity to Input Errors and Error Analysis;515
25.5;5 Model Validation and Performance Assessment;518
25.6;6 Some Performance Assessment Results;527
25.7;7 Conclusions;536
25.8;References;537
26;Index;544