Balaz Mechanochemistry in Nanoscience and Minerals Engineering

1. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-3-540-74855-7
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 413 Seiten

Mechanochemistry as a branch of solid state chemistry enquires into processes which proceed in solids due to the application of mechanical energy. This provides a thorough, up to date overview of mechanochemistry of solids and minerals. Applications of mechanochemistry in nanoscience with special impact on nanogeoscience are described. Selected advanced identification methods, most frequently applied in nanoscience, are described as well as the advantage of mechanochemical approach in minerals engineering. Examples of industrial applications are given. Mechanochemical technology is being applied in many industrial fields: powder metallurgy (synthesis of nanometals, alloys and nanocompounds), building industry (activation of cements), chemical industry (solid waste treatment, catalyst synthesis, coal ashes utilization), minerals engineering (ore enrichment, enhancement of processes of extractive metallurgy), agriculture industry (solubility increase of fertilizers), and pharmaceutical industry (improvement of solubility and bioavailability of drugs).

This reference serves as an introduction to newcomers to mechanochemistry, and encourages more experienced researchers to broaden their knowledge and discover novel applications in the field.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Balaz, Peter

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Contents;7
3;Acknowledgements;11
4;Mechanochemistry and Nanoscience;12
4.1;1.1 Mechanochemistry of Solids;12
4.1.1;1.1.1 History of Mechanochemistry;12
4.1.2;1.1.2 Theories and Models in Mechanochemistry;19
4.1.3;1.1.3 Mechanical Activation;25
4.1.4;1.1.4 Thermodynamics in Mechanochemistry;27
4.1.5;1.1.5 Kinetics of Mechanochemical Reactions;30
4.2;1.2 Introduction to Nanoscience;40
4.2.1;1.2.1 Historical Outline;42
4.2.2;1.2.2 Classification of Nanostructures;43
4.2.3;1.2.3 Theoretical Fundamentals;45
4.2.4;1.2.4 Synthesis Routes (with the Exception of Mechanochemical Approach);50
4.2.5;1.2.5 Mechanochemical Approach;55
4.2.6;1.2.6 Properties;80
4.3;1.3 Nanogeoscience;87
4.3.1;1.3.1 Mineral Nanoparticle Surfaces;88
4.3.2;1.3.2 Nano- Versus Mechano-Approach: Analogy;89
4.3.3;1.3.3 Clusters and Aggregates Formation;91
4.4;1.4 Nanoparticles in Medicine;93
4.4.1;1.4.1 Size of Biological Objects;93
4.4.2;1.4.2 Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis;94
4.5;1.5 Opportunities and Other Challenges;101
4.6;1.6 Conclusion;102
4.7;References;103
5;High-Energy Milling;114
5.1;2.1 Introduction;114
5.2;2.2 Basic Phenomena;114
5.3;2.3 Energy Requirement;116
5.4;2.4 Milling Equipments;118
5.4.1;2.4.1 Vibration Mills;118
5.4.2;2.4.2 Planetary Mills;122
5.4.3;2.4.3 Mixer Mills;124
5.4.4;2.4.4 Attritors (Stirred Ball Mills);125
5.4.5;2.4.5 New Mill Design;127
5.4.6;2.4.6 Process Variables;128
5.5;2.5 Accompanying Phenomena ;130
5.5.1;2.5.1 Temperature Effects;130
5.5.2;2.5.2 Contamination;132
5.5.3;2.5.3 Amorphization;132
5.5.4;2.5.4 Mechanochemical Equilibrium;132
5.5.5;2.5.5 Agglomeration and Aggregation;133
5.6;2.6 Surfactants;137
5.7;References;140
6;Selected Identification Methods;144
6.1;3.1 Introduction;144
6.2;3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy;144
6.3;3.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy;149
6.4;3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy;154
6.5;3.5 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy;157
6.6;3.6 Atomic Force Microscopy;159
6.7;3.7 Transmission Electron Microscopy;161
6.8;3.8 X-Ray Diffraction;163
6.9;3.9 M ossbauer Spectroscopy;173
6.10;3.10 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance;178
6.11;3.11 Conclusion;182
6.12;References;183
7;From Minerals to Nanoparticles;187
7.1;4.1 Introduction;187
7.2;4.2 Solid-Gas Reactions Stimulated by Mechanical Activation;187
7.2.1;4.2.1 Stibnite Sb2S3;189
7.2.2;4.2.2 Cinnabar HgS;190
7.2.3;4.2.3 Galena PbS;191
7.2.4;4.2.4 Sphalerite ZnS;192
7.3;4.3 Mechanochemical Reduction via SolidÒSolid Reactions;196
7.3.1;4.3.1 Redox Reactions;197
7.3.2;4.3.2 Nanocomposites;198
7.3.3;4.3.3 Oxides;200
7.3.4;4.3.4 Wolframates;219
7.3.5;4.3.5 Titanates;222
7.3.6;4.3.6 Sulphides;226
7.3.7;4.3.7 Other Minerals;255
7.4;References;259
8;Mechanochemistry in Minerals Engineering;267
8.1;5.1 Introduction;267
8.2;5.2 Mechanochemical SolidÒSolid Processing;269
8.3;5.3 Mechanochemical SolidÒLiquid Processing ;273
8.3.1;5.3.1 Milling and Leaching as Separated Processes;273
8.3.2;5.3.2 Oxidative Leaching;274
8.3.3;5.3.3 Acidic Leaching;276
8.3.4;5.3.4 Alkaline Leaching;278
8.3.5;5.3.5 Selective Leaching of Bismuth;283
8.3.6;5.3.6 Non-Cyanide Leaching of Precious Metals;286
8.3.7;5.3.7 Simultaneous Milling and Leaching (Mechanochemical Leaching);293
8.4;5.4 Sorption;298
8.4.1;5.4.1 Zinc Sorption on Calcite;298
8.4.2;5.4.2 Sulphides;300
8.5;References;302
9;Applied Mechanochemistry;307
9.1;6.1 Introduction;307
9.2;6.2 Mineral Processing;307
9.2.1;6.2.1 Sulphides;308
9.2.2;6.2.2 Other Minerals;310
9.3;6.3 Extractive Metallurgy;312
9.3.1;6.3.1 Mechanical Activation as Pretreatment Step for Leaching;313
9.3.2;6.3.2 Attritors in Hydrometallurgy;328
9.3.3;6.3.3 Mechanochemical Processes for Ore Treatment;331
9.4;6.4 Chemical Engineering 6.4.1 Crystal Engineering;351
9.5;6.4.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis;355
9.6;6.5 Materials Engineering;362
9.6.1;6.5.1 Thermoelectric Power Generator Materials;364
9.6.2;6.5.2 Room Temperature Solders;364
9.6.3;6.5.3 Bearings;365
9.7;6.6 Coal Industry;365
9.8;6.7 Building Industry;368
9.8.1;6.7.1 Mechanical Activation of Quartz SiO2;369
9.8.2;6.7.2 Mechanical Activation of Cement;370
9.8.3;6.7.3 Solidification of Silicate Concretes with Mechanically Activated Precursors;373
9.8.4;6.7.4 Modification of Concrete Properties by Application of Waste Materials After Milling;373
9.8.5;6.7.5 Manufacture of Exterior Wall Panels with Intervention of Mechanical Activation;374
9.9;6.8 Agriculture;375
9.10;6.9 Pharmacy ;380
9.10.1;6.9.1 Solubility of Drugs;380
9.10.2;6.9.2 Polymorphism and Amorphization;383
9.10.3;6.9.3 Biological Activity of Drugs;385
9.10.4;6.9.4 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Drugs;387
9.11;6.10 Waste Treatment;390
9.12;References;402
10;Author Index;416
11;Subject Index;418