Baluka / Ninkovic / Baluška Plant Communication from an Ecological Perspective

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-12162-3
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 252 Seiten

Since the concept of allelopathy was introduced almost 100 years ago, research has led to an understanding that plants are involved in complex communicative interactions. They use a battery of different signals that convey plant-relevant information within plant individuals as well as between plants of the same species or different species. The 13 chapters of this volume discuss all these topics from an ecological perspective. Communication between plants allows them to share physiological and ecological information relevant for their survival and ?tness. It is obvious that in these very early days of ecological plant communication research we are illuminating only the 'tip of iceberg' of the communicative nature of higher plants. Nevertheless, knowledge on the identity and informative value of volatiles used by plants for communication is increasing with breath-taking speed. Among the most spectacular examples are sit- tions where plant emitters warn neighbours about a danger, increasing their innate immunity, or when herbivore-attacked plants attract the enemies of the herbivores ('cry for help' and 'plant bodyguards' concepts). It is becoming obvious that plants use not only volatile signals but also diverse water soluble molecules, in the case of plant roots, to safeguard their evolutionary success and accomplish self/non-self kin rec- nition. Importantly, as with all the examples of biocommunication, irrespective of whether signals and signs are transmitted via physical or chemical pathways, plant communication is a rule-governed and sign-mediated process.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Baluka, Frantiek

Ninkovic, Velemir

Baluška, František

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
2;Further Reading;7
3;Contents;8
4;Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Signals and Toxins: A Conceptual Framework;10
4.1;Introduction;10
4.2;What Is Communication?;11
4.2.1;What Is Information?;11
4.2.2;What Is Biological Communication?;11
4.2.3;What Is a Signal?;12
4.2.4;What Is Allelopathy?;13
4.2.5;What Is the Difference Between a Toxin and a Signal?;14
4.2.6;Differences Between Plant and Animal Communication;15
4.3;How Can Communication Between Plants Evolve?;16
4.3.1;Evolution of Signaling Through Individual Selection;17
4.3.2;Evolution of Signaling Through Kin or Group Selection;21
4.3.3;Evolution of Signaling Through Sexual Selection;22
4.4;A Conceptual Framework for the Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Signals;23
4.5;Conclusions;23
4.6;References;25
5;The Chemistry of Plant Signalling;29
5.1;Introduction;29
5.2;Approaches to the Isolation and Identification of Plant and Insect-Derived Signals;30
5.2.1;Collection of Biological Samples for Analysis;30
5.2.1.1;Dynamic Headspace Collection;30
5.2.1.2;Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME);31
5.2.1.3;Vacuum Distillation;32
5.2.1.4;Liquid-Liquid Extraction;32
5.2.1.5;Solid Phase Extraction (SPE);32
5.2.1.6;Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE);33
5.2.1.7;Other PDMS Materials;33
5.2.1.8;Vapour Phase Extraction (VPE);33
5.2.1.9;In-Situ Derivatisation;34
5.3;Recent Advances;34
5.3.1;Plant Derived Chemical Signals;36
5.3.1.1;cis-Jasmone;36
5.3.1.2;Oxylipins and Phytohormones;36
5.3.2;Insect-Derived Chemical Signals;38
5.3.2.1;Bruchins;38
5.3.2.2;Volicitin and Related Compounds;38
5.3.2.3;Caeliferins;40
5.4;Structure-Activity Relationships;40
5.5;Biosynthetic Studies;42
5.6;Future Prospects;43
5.7;References;45
6;Plant Defense Signaling from the Underground Primes Aboveground Defenses to Confer Enhanced Resistance in a Cost-Efficient Ma;50
6.1;Introduction;50
6.2;Perception of PGPR by the Plant;51
6.3;ISR Signal Transduction;52
6.4;Priming for Enhanced Defense;54
6.5;Mechanisms of Priming of Defense Responses;56
6.6;Costs of Induced Defenses;57
6.7;Fitness Benefits of Priming Under Disease Pressure;58
6.8;To What Extent are Plants in the Field Already Primed?;60
6.9;Outlook;61
6.10;References;62
7;Allelopathy and Exotic Plant Invasion;68
7.1;Introduction;68
7.2;Allelopathy and Exotic Plant Invasion;69
7.3;Allelopathy and Microbial Accomplices in Invasion;72
7.3.1;Nitrogen Fixers;75
7.3.2;Mutualists;76
7.4;Future Directions;77
7.5;References;77
8;Volatile Interaction Between Undamaged Plants: A Short Cut to Coexistence;81
8.1;Introduction;81
8.2;Role of Plant Volatiles;83
8.2.1;The Role of Plant Volatiles in Allelopathy;84
8.2.2;VOCs as Cues in Plant-Plant Interaction;85
8.3;Plant Responses to Allelobiosis, Methyl Salicylate and Methyl Jasmonate;87
8.4;Conclusions;88
8.5;References;89
9;Volatile Chemical Interaction Between Undamaged Plants: Effects at Higher Trophic Levels;93
9.1;Introduction;93
9.2;Increased Plant Genetic Diversity Affects Higher Trophic Levels;94
9.2.1;Between Species Diversity;94
9.2.2;Within-Species Genotype Diversity;95
9.3;Volatile Interactions Between Undamaged Plants Affect Higher Trophic Levels;95
9.3.1;Allelobiosis Between Different Plant Species;96
9.3.2;Allelobiosis Between Different Genotypes of the Same Plant Species;98
9.4;Does Plant Genetic Diversity Affect Natural Enemies Via Volatile Interaction and Diversity?;101
9.5;Conclusions;102
9.6;References;103
10;Within-Plant Signalling by Volatiles Triggers Systemic Defences;105
10.1;Introduction;106
10.2;Talking Trees;107
10.3;VOCs as Within-Plant Signals;109
10.3.1;Shortcomings of Signalling by VOCs;109
10.3.2;Benefits of VOCs as Plant Signals;111
10.3.3;Airborne Cues as Within-Plant Signals: Exotic Cases or Common Strategy?;113
10.4;References;114
11;Volatile Interactions Between Undamaged Plants: Effects and Potential for Breeding Resistance to Aphids;119
11.1;Introduction;120
11.2;Aphids as Herbivores in Plant-Plant Chemical Interactions;120
11.3;Effects of Plant Diversity on Herbivore Abundance;121
11.3.1;Effects of Inter-Specific Allelobiosis on Aphids;122
11.3.2;Effects of Intra-Specific Allelobiosis on Aphids;123
11.4;Potential for Exploiting Volatile Interactions Between Undamaged Plants in Breeding Resistance to Aphids;125
11.5;Conclusions and Future Prospects;127
11.6;References;128
12;Communication in Ant-Plant Symbioses;132
12.1;Introduction;132
12.2;Host-Plant Discrimination;136
12.2.1;Sowing the Right Partner;136
12.2.2;Finding the Right Host Plant: Better to Look for a Needle in a Haystack?;137
12.2.3;Discriminating the Host Plant: Self Versus Non-Self?;140
12.3;Signalling for Anti-Herbivore Protection;142
12.3.1;Induced Defence: Signalling Herbivore Activity to Defending Ants;142
12.3.2;Ants as a Constitutive Defence;146
12.3.3;How Specificity Affects Efficiency;148
12.3.4;Optimal Defence Theory;150
12.4;The Evolution of Plant-Ant Communication;151
12.4.1;How Can Plant-Ant Communication Signals Have Evolved so Many Times Independently?;151
12.4.2;The Sensory Trap Hypothesis;152
12.4.3;Processes in the Evolution of Communication Signals;154
12.5;Conclusions;155
12.6;References;156
13;Photosensory Cues in Plant-Plant Interactions: Regulation and Functional Significance of Shade Avoidance Responses;164
13.1;Introduction;164
13.2;The Shade Avoidance Syndrome;165
13.3;Photoreceptors;167
13.3.1;Cryptochromes;167
13.3.2;Phototropins;168
13.3.3;Phytochromes;169
13.4;Hormonal Regulation;169
13.4.1;Gibberellin;170
13.4.2;Auxin;171
13.4.3;Brassinosteroids;172
13.4.4;Ethylene;173
13.4.5;SAS Regulation Downstream of the Hormones;173
13.5;Adaptive Value of the SAS in Ecological Context;174
13.5.1;Local Adaptation in Ecotypes;174
13.5.2;Environmental Complexity: Integrating SAS and Defense;176
13.6;Conclusions;177
13.7;References;177
14;Global Atmospheric Change and Trophic Interactions: Are There Any General Responses?;184
14.1;Introduction;184
14.2;Climate Change and Plant-Derived Allelochemicals;186
14.2.1;Plant-Derived Allelochemicals as a Driving Force for Community Structure;186
14.2.2;Elevated CO2 and Resource Allocation to Allelochemicals;187
14.2.3;C and N Allocation to Biosynthetic Classes of Secondary Metabolites;190
14.2.4;Phytohormones: The Molecular Link Between Physiological Responses to Elevated CO2 and Secondary Metabol;196
14.3;Trophic Interactions and Climate Change;197
14.3.1;Plant-Herbivore Interactions and Elevated CO2;197
14.3.2;The Effects of Elevated CO2 on Higher Trophic Levels;201
14.4;Conclusions;204
14.5;References;205
14.6;Appendix 1 References Used for Figs. 11.2–11.4, 11.6, and 11.7);212
14.7;Appendix 2 List of Abbreviations for Fig.11.5;217
15;Exploiting Plant Signals in Sustainable Agriculture;220
15.1;Introduction;220
15.2;Induction and Priming of Plant Defences;222
15.3;Exploiting Plant Semiochemicals for Agriculture;224
15.3.1;Plant Diseases;224
15.3.2;Insect Pests;225
15.4;Plant Signals in `Push-Pull´ Strategies;227
15.5;Manipulating Plant Genetics to Deliver Semiochemicals;228
15.6;Conclusions;229
15.7;References;229
16;Plant Volatiles: Useful Signals to Monitor Crop Health Status in Greenhouses;233
16.1;Introduction;234
16.2;Emission of VOCs from Greenhouse Crops;235
16.2.1;Factors Affecting the Emission of VOCs from Crops Grown in Greenhouses;235
16.2.1.1;Stressors Affecting the Emission of VOCs from Crops Grown in Greenhouses;236
16.2.1.2;Nonstressors Affecting the Emission Rate of VOCs from Greenhouse Crops;237
16.2.2;Specificity of Stress-Induced Emissions;237
16.3;Factors that Affect the Gas Balance of Plant VOCs in the Greenhouse;240
16.4;Techniques to Measure the Emission of VOCs from Plants at Greenhouse Scale;242
16.4.1;Collection of the Plant-Emitted VOCs;242
16.4.2;Separation of the Plant-Emitted VOCs in the Mixture;243
16.4.3;Identification and Quantification of the Plant-Emitted VOCs;243
16.4.3.1;Flame Ionization Detector;244
16.4.3.2;Mass Spectrometer;244
16.4.3.3;Electronic Nose;245
16.4.3.4;Biosensor Technology;245
16.5;Trends and Future Possibilities;246
16.6;References;248
17;Index;252