Baluska / Baluška Plant-Environment Interactions

From Sensory Plant Biology to Active Plant Behavior
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-540-89230-4
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 308 Seiten

Reihe: Signaling and Communication in Plants

Our image of plants is changing dramatically away from passive entities merely subject to environmental forces and organisms that are designed solely for the accumulation of photosynthate. Plants are revealing themselves to be dynamic and highly sensitive organisms that actively and competitively forage for limited resources, both above and below ground, organisms that accurately gauge their circumstances, use sophisticated cost-benefit analysis, and take clear actions to mitigate and control diverse environmental threats. Moreover, plants are also capable of complex recognition of self and non-self and are territorial in behavior. They are as sophisticated in behavior as animals but their potential has been masked because it operates on time scales many orders of magnitude less than those of animals. Plants are sessile organisms. As such, the only alternative to a rapidly changing environment is rapid adaptation. This book will focus on all these new and exciting aspects of plant biology.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Baluska, Frantisek

Baluška, František

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
1.1;Further Reading;7
2;Contents;8
3;Mechanical Integration of Plant Cells;10
3.1;1 Introduction;10
3.2;2 Mechanical Organization of Plant Cells;11
3.2.1;2.1 Constructing the Pathway for Mechanotransduction;13
3.3;3 Control of Cell Morphogenesis and Fate Determination;15
3.4;4 Responses of Plants and Plant Cells to Mechanical Stimuli;16
3.4.1;4.1 Osmoregulation in Plant Cells;17
3.4.2;4.2 Reactions to Touch;18
3.4.3;4.3 Responses to Gravity;20
3.5;References;22
4;Root Behavior in Response to Aluminum Toxicity;30
4.1;1 Introduction;30
4.2;2 Aluminum-Induced Inhibition of Root Growth;32
4.3;3 Mechanisms of Al-Induced Inhibition of Root Growth;33
4.3.1;3.1 Al-Induced Inhibition of Cell Expansion;34
4.3.2;3.2 Effects of Aluminum on Cell Division;37
4.3.3;3.3 Root Transition Zone: Site for Al Perception and Al Signal Transduction;40
4.4;4 Al Toxicity Mechanisms: Common Features in Plant and Animal Cells?;40
4.4.1;4.1 Actin–Myosin Network and Vesicle Trafficking: Common Targets for Al Toxicity in Plant and Brain Cells;41
4.5;5 Coordination of Root Developmental Features Under Al Stress;42
4.6;6 Aluminum Tolerance;44
4.7;7 Conclusions and Outlook;45
4.8;References;46
5;Communication and Signaling in the Plant– Fungus Symbiosis: The Mycorrhiza;54
5.1;1 Introduction;54
5.2;2 Communication and Signaling in Arbuscular Mycorrhiza ;56
5.2.1;2.1 Presymbiotic Events;56
5.2.2;2.2 AM Fungal Contact with Host Roots;58
5.2.3;2.3 Arbuscule and Symbiotic Interface Development;60
5.2.4;2.4 Role of Plastids in Communication in AM;62
5.3;3 Communication and Signaling in Ectomycorrhiza (ECM);66
5.3.1;3.1 Possible Signals in the ECM;67
5.3.2;3.2 Cytoskeleton and Signal Transduction;68
5.3.3;3.3 Impact of Nutrient Levels and Transport in Plant–Fungus Communication;69
5.3.4;3.4 How Do ECM Fungi Bypass Plant Defense Reactions?;70
5.3.5;3.5 Toward the Identification of Ectomycorrhiza-Specific Genes?;71
5.4;4 Conclusion and Future Prospects;71
5.5;References;71
6;Role of g -Aminobutyrate and g -Hydroxybutyrate in Plant Communication;82
6.1;1 Introduction;82
6.2;2 GABA and GHB Metabolism;84
6.3;3 Accumulation of GABA and GHB is a General Response to Stress;86
6.4;4 GABA and GHB Signaling Between Plants and Other Organisms;88
6.5;5 Conclusions and Future Prospects;89
6.6;References;89
7;Hemiparasitic Plants: Exploiting Their Host’s Inherent Nature to Talk;94
7.1;1 Introduction;94
7.2;2 Purpose of Review;96
7.3;3 Evolution of Parasitism;96
7.3.1;3.1 Transition from Autotroph to Facultative Hemiparasite: The Origin of Haustoria;97
7.3.2;3.2 Facultative Hemiparasite to Obligate Hemiparasite: Increased Host Specificity;98
7.3.3;3.3 Obligate Hemiparasite to Holoparasite: Loss of Autotrophic Functions;99
7.4;4 Hemiparasite Families;99
7.4.1;4.1 Orobanchaceae;99
7.4.2;4.2 Santalales;100
7.4.3;4.3 Convolvulaceae;101
7.4.4;4.4 Lauraceae;101
7.4.5;4.5 Krameriaceae;101
7.5;5 The Parasitism Process with Specific Reference to Host Determination;101
7.5.1;5.1 Germination;101
7.5.2;5.2 Early Haustorium Development;102
7.5.3;5.3 Post-Attachment Physiology;103
7.6;6 Conclusions;105
7.7;References;105
8;Host Location and Selection by Holoparasitic Plants;110
8.1;1 Introduction ;110
8.1.1;1.1 Plant Behavior;110
8.1.2;1.2 The Behavior of Parasitic Plants;112
8.2;2 The Lifestyle of Parasitic Plants;112
8.3;3 Strategies for Seed Dispersal and Host Location ;114
8.3.1;3.1 Seed Dispersal Strategies;114
8.4;4 Seed Germination ;115
8.4.1;4.1 Seed Dormancy and Germination Requirements;115
8.4.2;4.2 Germination Stimulants;117
8.5;5 Host Location and Selection by Foraging Seedlings;121
8.6;References;123
9;Plant Innate Immunity;128
9.1;1 Introduction;128
9.2;2 Recognition and Response at the Plant Cell Surface ;131
9.2.1;2.1 Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns and Pattern Recognition Receptors;131
9.2.2;2.2 Signaling Downstream of PRR Activation;132
9.3;3 Immune Responses Mediated by Plant Resistance Proteins ;133
9.3.1;3.1 Pathogen Virulence Through the Delivery of Effectors;133
9.3.2;3.2 Resistance Proteins;134
9.3.3;3.3 Recognition of Pathogen Effectors;135
9.3.4;3.4 R Protein Activation;136
9.3.5;3.5 R Protein-Mediated Signaling;137
9.4;4 Concluding Remarks;140
9.5;References;140
10;Airborne Induction and Priming of Defenses;146
10.1;1 Introduction;146
10.2;2 Airborne Plant–Plant Signaling ;147
10.2.1;2.1 Induced Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores;147
10.2.2;2.2 Airborne Induction of Resistance to Herbivores;149
10.2.3;2.3 Airborne Induction of Resistance to Pathogens;149
10.3;3 Mechanisms of Plant–Plant Communication ;150
10.3.1;3.1 VOCs Prime and Induce Defense Responses in Intact Plants;150
10.3.2;3.2 The Unknown Receptor: Where Do Plants Keep Their Noses?;151
10.3.3;3.3 Far-Red-Mediated Perception of Neighboring Plants;152
10.3.4;3.4 Airborne Allelopathy;153
10.4;4 Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations;154
10.4.1;4.1 Does It Actually Exist?;154
10.4.2;4.2 Evolutionary Considerations;155
10.5;5 Conclusions;157
10.6;References;158
11;Chemical Signaling During Induced Leaf Movements;162
11.1;1 Introduction;162
11.2;2 Leaf-Closing and -Opening Substances in Nyctinastic Plants;163
11.3;3 Bioorganic Studies of Nyctinasty Using Functionalized Leaf- Movement Factors as Molecular Probes ;164
11.3.1;3.1 Leaf Movement Factors for the Genus Albizzia;164
11.3.2;3.2 The Enantiodifferential Approach to Identifying the Target Cell and Target Protein of the Leaf- Closing Factor;166
11.3.3;3.3 Structure–Activity Relationship Studies on the Leaf-Closing Factor for the Genus Albizzia;167
11.4;4 The Chemical Mechanism of Rhythm in Nyctinasty;172
11.5;References;174
12;Aposematic (Warning) Coloration in Plants;176
12.1;1 Introduction;176
12.1.1;1.1 Partial Descriptions of Color Patterns in Floras;177
12.2;2 Aposematism;178
12.2.1;2.1 Olfactory Aposematism;178
12.2.2;2.2 The Anecdotal History of Discussions of Aposematic Coloration in Plants;179
12.2.3;2.3 Aposematic Coloration in Thorny, Spiny, and Prickly Plants;181
12.2.4;2.4 Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi and Thorns;183
12.2.5;2.5 Do Spiny Plants Harbor Microbial Pathogens on their Spines, Unlike Nonspiny Plants?;184
12.2.6;2.6 Silica Needles and Raphids Made of Calcium Oxalate;184
12.2.7;2.7 Plant Biological Warfare: Thorns Inject Pathogenic Bacteria into Herbivores, Enhancing the Evolution of Aposematism;186
12.2.8;2.8 Color Changes in Old Aposematic Thorns, Spines, and Prickles;186
12.2.9;2.9 Biochemical Evidence of Convergent Evolution of Aposematic Coloration in Thorny, Spiny and Prickly Plants;188
12.2.10;2.10 Mimicry of Aposematic Thorns, Spines, and Prickles;188
12.3;3 Aposematic Coloration in Poisonous Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds;190
12.4;4 Undermining Insect Camouflage: A Case of Habitat Aposematism;191
12.5;5 Delayed Greening as Unpalatability-Based Aposematism;193
12.6;6 Colorful Autumn Leaves;194
12.7;7 Animal and Herbivore Damage Mimicry May Also Serve as Aposematic Coloration or Aposematic Visual Signals;196
12.8;8 Plant Aposematism Involving Fungi;199
12.9;9 Distance of Action of Aposematic Coloration ( Crypsis Versus Aposematism);199
12.10;10 Aposematic Trichomes: Probably an Overlooked Phenomenon;200
12.11;11 Experimental Evidence;200
12.12;12 Conclusions;201
12.13;References;202
13;Deceptive Behavior in Plants. I. Pollination by Sexual Deception in Orchids: A Host– Parasite Perspective;212
13.1;1 Introduction;212
13.2;2 Sexual Deception: Parasitism of Insect Sexual Behavior ;213
13.2.1;2.1 Why Parasitism?;213
13.2.2;2.2 The Cost of Parasitism;214
13.3;3 The Evolution of Color Versus Odor in Orchid Mimicry;217
13.4;4 Host Specificity in Sexually Deceptive Orchids ;219
13.4.1;4.1 Defining Host Specificity;219
13.4.2;4.2 The Determinants of Host Specificity;219
13.4.3;4.3 The Species Specificity and Evolution of Chemical Signals;223
13.4.4;4.4 Signal Evolution Above the Species Level;224
13.5;5 Transitions to Parasitism by Sexual Deception in Orchids;225
13.6;References;227
14;Deceptive Behavior in Plants. II. Food Deception by Plants: From Generalized Systems to Specialized Floral Mimicry;232
14.1;1 Introduction;232
14.2;2 Generalized Food Deception;235
14.2.1;2.1 Large Floral Displays;240
14.2.2;2.2 Pseudopollen and False Anthers;240
14.2.3;2.3 Flowering Early in the Season;240
14.2.4;2.4 Magnet Species Effects;241
14.2.5;2.5 High Degree of Variability in Floral Traits;241
14.3;3 Batesian Floral Mimicry;241
14.4;4 The Functional Significance of Floral Traits in Food- Deceptive Pollination Systems;243
14.4.1;4.1 Visual Signals;243
14.4.2;4.2 Olfactory Signals;246
14.5;5 Conclusions;249
14.6;References;250
15;Cognition in Plants;256
15.1;1 Introduction;256
15.2;2 What is Cognition?;258
15.3;3 A Biological and Embodied Perspective on Cognition;261
15.4;4 Embodied Cognition and Plants;263
15.5;5 Plant Neurobiology: Intelligence Can Take Different Forms and Speeds;266
15.6;6 Similarities Between Growth and Memory;268
15.7;7 Offline Cognition: Leaf Heliotropism;270
15.8;8 Concluding Remarks;271
15.9;References;273
16;Memorization of Abiotic Stimuli in Plants: A Complex Role for Calcium;276
16.1;1 Introduction;276
16.2;2 Examples of the Memorization of Signals in Plants ;278
16.2.1;2.1 Breaking the Symmetry of the Growth of Opposite Buds;278
16.2.2;2.2 Inhibition of Hypocotyl Growth;279
16.2.3;2.3 Inhibition of Internode Elongation;280
16.2.4;2.4 Kinetics of the Effect of Wind Stimulation on Calcium Signaling;280
16.2.5;2.5 Effect of Stress History on Drought Calcium Signaling Pathways;280
16.2.6;2.6 Temperature Sensing;281
16.2.7;2.7 Effect of the Preceding Phosphate Supply on Phosphate Uptake;281
16.2.8;2.8 Plant Electrical Memory;281
16.3;3 Our Model System of the Induction of Meristems in Flax Hypocotyls;281
16.4;4 Gene Expression and Proteome Modifications;283
16.5;5 Potential of the SIMS Methodology as an Experimental Approach;284
16.6;6 A Possible Role of Ion Condensation in Signal Transduction;286
16.7;7 Practical Applications;286
16.8;8 What is the Purpose of Plant Memory?;288
16.9;References;288
17;Plants and Animals: Convergent Evolution in Action?;294
17.1;1 Introduction;294
17.2;2 Historical Excursion: Charles Darwin Versus Julius Sachs;295
17.3;3 Sensory Biology in Plants and Animals: Bioelectricity Underlies Sensorimotor Circuits;298
17.4;4 Plant Action Potentials, Synapses, Neurons, Neuronal Molecules, and Transmitters;298
17.5;5 Sensitive and Communicative Plants: Lessons from Root Apices;301
17.6;6 Plant Intelligence: Oddity or Convergent Evolution?;303
17.7;7 Unicellular “Neurons” and Plant Neurobiology: Unifying the Plant and Animal Kingdoms?;304
17.8;8 Conclusions and Outlook;305
17.9;References;306
18;Index;312