Bartolo / Forte Frontiers of Optical Spectroscopy

Investigating Extreme Physical Conditions with Advanced Optical Techniques
2005
ISBN: 978-1-4020-2751-2
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, Band 168, 756 Seiten

Reihe: NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry

Advanced spectroscopic techniques allow the probing of very small systems and very fast phenomena, conditions that can be considered 'extreme' at the present status of our experimentation and knowledge. Quantum dots, nanocrystals and single molecules are examples of the former and events on the femtosecond scale examples of the latter. The purpose of this book is to examine the realm of phenomena of such extreme type and the techniques that permit their investigations. Each author has developed a coherent section of the program starting at a somewhat fundamental level and ultimately reaching the frontier of knowledge in the field in a systematic and didactic fashion. The formal lectures are complemented by additional seminars.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bartolo, Baldassare Di

Forte, Ottavio

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;CONTENTS;6
2;PREFACE;20
3;LIST OF PAST INSTITUTES;22
4;1. INVESTIGATING PHYSICAL SYSTEMS WITH OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY;23
4.1;1. Introduction;23
4.2;2. Interaction of Radiation with Atoms and Molecules;24
5;2. LIGHT-MATTER INTERACTIONS ON THE FEMTOSECOND TIME SCALE;51
5.1;1. Light—matter interactions;51
5.2;2. Ultrafast dynamics of solids under intense photoexcitation;58
5.3;3. Nonlinear optical properties;63
5.4;4. Ultrafast Materials Science;65
5.5;5. Summary;71
6;3. PHOTONS AND PHOTON STATISTICS: FROM INCANDESCENT LIGHT TO LASERS;77
6.1;1. Introduction;77
6.2;2. Nature of light;77
6.3;3. Classical Description of the EMF: Waves;81
6.4;4. Quantum Theory of Light: Photons;86
6.5;5. Optical devices and measurements;97
6.6;6. Outlook;112
6.7;7. Acknowledgement;112
7;4. CARRIER-WAVE NONLINEAR OPTICS;115
7.1;1. Introduction;115
7.2;2. Some Aspects of Few-Cycle Laser Pulses From Mode-Locked Oscillators;117
7.3;3. How Intense is the Light Field? Rabi Energy, Ponderomotive Energy and Bloch Energy;131
7.4;4. Carrier-Wave Rabi Flopping of Electrons in Semiconductors;141
7.5;5. "Off-Resonant" Carrier-Wave Nonlinear Optics of Electrons in Semiconductors;163
7.6;6. Attosecond Pulses and Interaction of Intense Laser Fields With Atoms, Electrons and the Vacuum;175
7.7;7. Summary;192
7.8;8. Acknowledgements;193
7.9;9. References;194
7.10;10. Solutions of Exercises;198
7.11;11. Important Symbols and Constants;201
7.12;12. Appendices;203
8;5. CAROTENOID EXCITED STATES-PHOTOPHYSICS, ULTRAFAST DYNAMICS AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC FUNCTIONS;209
8.1;1. Introduction;209
8.2;2. Excited state structure of carotenoid molecules;210
8.3;3. Excited states of Carotenoids in Pigment Protein complexes;217
9;6. SPECTROSCOPY OF QUANTUM WELLS AND SUPERLATTICES;243
9.1;1. Prolog;243
9.2;2. Introduction to Electronic Properties;244
9.3;3. Quantum Wells and Superlattices;251
9.4;4. Interband Spectroscopy;255
9.5;5. Intersubband Transitions;260
9.6;6. Phonons in Bulk Semiconductors;262
9.7;7. Phonons in Superlattices;265
9.8;8. Conclusion and Outlook;270
10;7. LASERS FOR FRONTIER SPECTROSCOPY;273
10.1;1. Introduction;273
10.2;2. The rise of lasers;274
10.3;3. Spectroscopy with lasers;283
10.4;4. Advancements of laser and spectroscopy;292
10.5;5. Conclusions;306
11;8. COHERENT SPECTROSCOPY OF STRATIFIED SEMICONDUCTOR MICRO- AND NANOSTRUCTURES;311
11.1;1. Introduction [1];311
11.2;2. Maxwell's equations [3];312
11.3;3. Transmission and Reflectivity [3];314
11.4;4. Multiple-beam interference [3];315
11.5;5. Refraction and reflection at the surface of an absorptive medium;318
11.6;6. Absorptive Fabry-Perot interferometer [4];324
11.7;7. Basic physics of microcavities [5];324
11.8;8. Angle-dependent properties [5];334
11.9;9. Electron envelope wavefunctions *F(z);344
11.10;10. Acknowledgements;354
11.11;11. References;355
12;9. CONSEQUENCES OF EXTREME PHOTON CONFINEMENT IN MICROCAVITIES: I. ULTRA-SENSITIVE DEDECTION OF PERTURBATIONS BY BIO-MOLECULES;359
12.1;1. Introduction;360
12.2;2. Simple Considerations;361
12.3;3. Theoretical Approach;362
12.4;4. Experimental Insights which grow out of the Fig.3;365
12.5;5. First Order Perturbation Theory: Spherically Symmetric Layer;367
12.6;6. Experimental Setup;371
12.7;7. Experimental Results;373
13;10. LUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF VERY SMALL SEMICONDUCTOR PARTICLES;381
13.1;1. Introduction;381
13.2;2. Some possible application areas of very small semi-conductor quantum dots;381
13.3;3. Elementary quantum mechanics;384
13.4;4. Electrons in a Crystal;395
13.5;5. Density of states in low dimensional structures;400
13.6;6. Electrons, holes and excitons;402
13.7;7. Low dimensional structures;403
13.8;8. Quantum confinement in action;405
13.9;9. Outlook;414
13.10;10. References;414
14;11. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS OF ULTRACOLD ATOMIC GASES;417
14.1;1 Energy and length scales;418
14.2;2 Bose-Einstein condensation;422
14.3;3 Interatomic interactions;425
14.4;4 Equilibrium properties of a trapped gas;428
14.5;5 Dynamics of condensates;432
14.6;6 Potential flow and quantized vortices;436
14.7;7 Other topics;438
14.8;8 Concluding remarks;444
15;12. LASER COOLING AND TRAPPING OF NEUTRAL ATOMS TO ULTRALOW TEMPERATURES;449
15.1;1. Introduction;449
15.2;2. Radiative forces;451
15.3;3. Deceleration and cooling of an atomic beam;461
15.4;4. Traps for neutral atoms;467
15.5;5. Sub-Doppler laser cooling;476
15.6;6. Optical lattices;482
15.7;7. Manipulating Bose-Einstein condensates with light;490
16;13. ULTRAFAST STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS IN THE CONDENSED PHASE;519
16.1;1. Introduction:;519
16.2;2. Historical background: from kinetics to dynamics [4]:;520
16.3;3. Basic Quantum Mechanics;521
16.4;4. Wave packets dynamics in isolated systems:;523
16.5;5. Wave packets dynamics in solids;525
16.6;6. Wave packet dynamics in biological systems;532
16.7;7. New frontiers of ultrafast structural dynamics;535
17;14. LANTHANIDE SERIES SPECTROSCOPY UNDER EXTREME CONDITION;543
17.1;1. Introduction;543
17.2;2. Absorption Saturation;544
17.3;3. Amplified Spontaneous Emission;546
17.4;4. Energy Transfer;547
17.5;5. Self Quenching;555
17.6;6. Up Conversion;557
17.7;7. Excited State Absorption;558
17.8;8. Summary;560
17.9;9. References;560
18;15. EXCITONIC BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION VERSUS ELECTRON-HOLE PLASMA FORMATION;561
18.1;1. Introduction;561
18.2;2. The electron-hole Plasma;563
18.3;3. Excitonic Bose-Einstein Condensation and Superfluidity;575
18.4;4. Conclusion and Outlook;588
19;16. DYNAMICS OF SOLID-STATE COHERENT LIGHT SOURCES;593
19.1;1. Introduction;593
19.2;2. Spectroscopic Processes of Rare-Earth Ions in Solid-State Laser Materials;593
19.3;3. Upconversion Dynamics;599
19.4;4. Impact of Energy-Transfer Upconversion on Solid-State Laser Performance;604
19.5;5. Conclusions;607
20;17. SOME NOVEL ASPECTS OF INTRAMOLECULAR ELECTRONIC ENERGY TRANSFER PROCESSES;613
20.1;1.Introduction;613
20.2;2. The naphthalene - anthracene bichromophoric molecular system;618
21;18. STIMULATED RAMAN SCATTERING SPECTROSCOPY OF FRONTIER NONLINEAR-LASER MATERIALS: ORGANIC CRYSTALS AND NANOCRYSTALLINE CERAMICS;641
21.1;1. Introduction;641
21.2;2. The steady-state stimulated Raman scattering;643
21.3;3. Stimulated Raman spectroscopy of nonlinear-laser organic crystals and nanocrystalline ceramics;646
21.4;4. Conclusion;649
22;19. STRANGE PROPERTIES OF QUANTUM SYSTEMS AND POSSIBLE INTERPRETATIONS;669
22.1;1. Introduction;669
22.2;2. Resume1 of the main ingredients of Quantum Mechanics;670
22.3;3. Entangled states and the EPR argument;675
22.4;4. Bell's inequality;678
22.5;5. Experimental tests;681
22.6;6. An application of the EPR theorem;682
22.7;7. Macroscopic quantum superposition and the measurement problem;684
23;20. MODULATION SPECTROSCOPY REVISITED;691
23.1;1. Introduction;691
23.2;2. The Dielectric Function and Reflectivity;692
23.3;3. Modulation Methods;698
23.4;4. Some Applications;702
24;21. ADVANCES IN SOLID STATE LASERS AT NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER;709
25;22. COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY TO GROW SINGLE CRYSTALS AND ANALYSIS OF CONCENTRATION QUENCHING PROCESS: APPLICATION TO Yb3+-DOPED LASER CRYSTALS.;711
25.1;1.Introduction;711
25.2;2. Fibre crystal growth;713
25.3;3. Illustration of our approach for Yb -doped crystals;715
25.4;4. Analysis of concentration quenching processes;723
25.5;5.Model to interpret radiation self-trapping and self-quenching mechanisms in Yb3+.;733
25.6;6. Conclusion;735
26;23. TABLE-TOP SOFT X-RAY LASERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS;737
26.1;1. Introduction;737
26.2;2. Pumping Techniques;738
27;24. RARE EARTH ION DOPED CERAMIC LASER MATERIALS;743
27.1;1. Introduction;743
27.2;2. Nd doped Ceramic YAG;743
27.3;3. New Lead-based Ceramic Laser Materials;746
27.4;4. Summary;753
28;25. SHORT SEMINARS;755
28.1;CONFOCAL FLUORESCENCE AND RAMAN MICROSCOPY OF FEMTOSECOND LASER-MODIFIED FUSED SILICA;755
28.2;OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF QUANTUM DOTS;755
28.3;NEW PHOSPHORS FOR ULTRAVIOLET EXCITATION;756
28.4;MAIN TOPICS OF INTERESTS IN THE AREA OF LUMINESCENCE MATERIALS;756
28.5;INTERACTION OF FEMTOSECOND PULSES WITH TRANSPARENT MATERIALS;757
28.6;ULTRAFAST PHASE TRANSITIONS IN SOLIDS;757
28.7;RELAXATION PATHWAYS FROM ELECTRONIC EXCITED STATES OF OXYGEN DEFICIENT CENTERS IN GE-DOPED SILICA;758
28.8;DETECTING QUANTUM SIGNATURES IN THE DYNAMICS OF TRAPPED IONS;759
28.9;NON-EQUILIBRIUM POLARIZATION IN DIELECTRICS AND RELATED PHENOMENA;760
28.10;OPTICAL TRANSITIONS IN QUANTUM NANOSTRUCTURES BASED ON IONIC MATERIALS;761
28.11;LEDS MAKE THINGS BETTER;762
29;26. POSTERS;763
29.1;PHOTOREFLECTANCE AND LUMINESCENCE MEASUREMENTS OF GAINNAS/GAAS MULTIPLE QUANTUM WELL STRUCTURES;763
29.2;SELF-CONSISTENT CALCULATION OF GROUND AND EXCITED ENERGY LEVELS OF A DOPED QUANTUM DOT BY A QUANTUM GENERIC ALGORITHM;763
29.3;THE WIRES DIRECTION PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY OF GAAS/ALGAAS QUANTUM WIRES MEASURED ALONG;764
29.4;HIGH EXCITATION SPECTROSCOPY OF ZnO;764
29.5;PROPERTIES OF PECVD a-SiOx:H FILMS;765
29.6;OPTICAL INVESTIGATION OF SPIN INJECTION INTO OPTICALLY ACTIVE NANOSTRUCTURES;765
29.7;ULTRAFAST PHASE TRANSITIONS IN SOLIDS;765
29.8;STIMULATED EMISSION OF Nd0 5La0 SAIJCBOJ^ RANDOM LASER AND THE THRESHOLD CONDITIONS FOR LARGE AND SMALL PUMPING REGIMES;766
29.9;SPECTROSCOPY AND OPTICAL MICROSCOPY WITH NANO-LOCAL LIGHT SOURCES;767
29.10;THE SIZE-EFFECT AND PHASE TRANSITIONS-EFFECT ON LUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF BaTiO3:Eu3+NANOCRYSTALLITES PREPARED BY THE SOLGEL METHOD;767
29.11;ENERGY TRANSFER IN Nd3+ and Yb3+ DODOPED NANOMETRIC YAG CERAMICS;768
29.12;ENVIRONMENT AND SHAPE EFFECTS ON DYNAMICS OF CdSe NANOCRYSTALS: COMPARING QUANTUM DOTS AND RODS;768
29.13;GAMMA AND PROTON IRRADIATION EFFECTS ON KU1 QUARTZ GLASS;769
29.14;FEATURES OF FEMTOSECOND LASER ABLATION OF SOLID TARGETS;769
29.15;STUDY OF THE SURFACE OF SrTiO3 SINGLE CRYSTALS BY OPTICAL SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION;770
29.16;DLS MEASUREMENT OF NANOMETRIC CARBON CLUSTERS PRODUCED IN LAMINAR PREMIXED FLAMES;771
30;INDEX;773

Leseproben

1. INVESTIGATING PHYSICAL SYSTEMS WITH OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY (p. 1)

B. DI BARTOLO
Department of Physics, Boston College
Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
Abstract
The article is based on the lectures that I delivered at the beginning of the course "Frontiers of Optical Spectroscopy," a NATO Advanced Study Institute that took place at the Ettore Majorana Center in Erice, Italy, May 16 - June 1, 2003. The purpose of this contribution is to present some background material useful to deal with the application of optical spectroscopy to the study of physical systems. In the introductory lecture we differentiate between two cases of "extreme physical conditions":

i) extreme conditions that predate experimentation, having been produced artificially and objectively different from more common ones, and

ii) extreme conditions created by an experimenter who employs some technical procedure to vary or modify the status of some systems and bring them into conditions different from their natural ones.

In the second lecture we treat the interaction of radiation with atoms and molecules. We introduce the concept of transition rate. In addition, we deal with the optical Bloch equations, the Rabi oscillations, and the mechanisms responsible for the broadening of spectral lines.

1. Introduction
At the beginning of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Frontiers of Optical Spectroscopy - Investigating Extreme Physical Conditions with Advanced Optical Techniques," I thought it was appropriate to present to the participants some considerations regarding the nature and purpose of such conditions. I want to report in this introduction these considerations, incorporating in them some of the input from the audience.

As suggested by a participant, "extreme" is a relative term, and conditions that may seem extreme today may, at a later time, be considered normal. We shall then at this point appraise the situation in terms of today's experimental reality. Extreme physical conditions are sought or prepared for in several human endeavors. An engineer, when building a bridge, will make himself sure that it will withstand much stronger pressure that it is ever likely to experience.

For a scientist extreme physical conditions of a system under study provide an appropriate situation in which the relevance of a certain parameter is enhanced and therefore made more amenable to be studied and understood. Examples that come to mind are the medical observation of patients walking on a treadmill and the study of orthophrenic children.

Claude Bernard (1813-1878) in his treatise on experimental medicine [1] makes a distinction between the observer and the experimenter:

"We give the name of the observer to somebody who applies the procedures of investigation, that may be simple or complex, to the study of phenomena that he does not influence and who collects the data as nature provides them.

We give the name of the experimenter to somebody who employs the procedures of investigation in order to vary or modify in some way the natural phenomena and make them appear in circumstances or conditions that are different from those in which nature will ever present them." In this scheme of things astronomy is a science of observation, because an astronomer cannot act on the celestial bodies and chemistry is a science of experimentation, because chemists act on nature and modify it.