Beater Pneumatic Drives

System Design, Modelling and Control
1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-3-540-69471-7
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 324 Seiten

The idea to use air for transmitting power is very old. Ctesibius in - cient Greece described a catapult using pneumatic cylinders to first store energy and then rapidly accelerate an arrow. Heron of Alexandria dev- oped automatic temple doors which opened and closed by means of hot air. And from the Greek word for breath he coined the term that was used as title for his book and today describes a whole industry: - pneumatics. Pneumatic components and systems have become an important topic for textbooks. Most have their focus on the description of the steady-state - haviour, practical problems like troubleshooting or Boolean algebra to help designing control algorithms. Only a few textbooks covering the theore- cal analysis and design of pneumatic systems have been published (Z- manzon et al. 1965; Andersen 1967; Andersson et al. 1975). But they were written at a time when digital computers were not easily available to en- neers and therefore contain few material about modelling and simulation. This book tries to bridge the gap between scientific disciplines (fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, mathematics, control, etc.), the conventional approach to describe pneumatic components and systems by their stea- state behaviour, the wish of a design engineer to test his design before - tually building hardware and the resulting need for mathematical models in order to use today’s powerful digital computers.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Beater, Peter

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Nomenclature;12
4;1 Introduction;14
5;2 Properties of Compressed Air;17
5.1;2.1 Mathematical Model of Air;18
5.2;2.2 Atmospheric Air;20
5.3;2.3 Definitions Related to Compressed Air;21
6;3 Thermodynamic Processes;23
6.1;3.1 Constant Volume Processes;23
6.2;3.2 Constant Pressure Processes;25
6.3;3.3 Constant Temperature Processes;30
6.4;3.4 Reversible Processes without Heat Transfer;30
6.5;3.5 Polytropic Processes;32
6.6;3.6 General Processes;34
6.7;3.7 Sonic Velocity;35
7;4 Some Results from Fluid Mechanics;36
7.1;4.1 Viscosity;37
7.2;4.2 Continuity Equation;38
7.3;4.3 Free Discharge from Nozzles;39
7.4;4.4 Orifice Flow;43
7.5;4.5 Frictional Flow;47
8;5 Engineering Flow Rate Calculations;51
8.1;5.1 Mathematical Flow Rate Model;51
8.2;5.2 Flow Rate Characteristics of Restrictions;58
8.3;5.3 Simplified Flow Calculations;59
8.4;5.4 Flow Capacity Specifications in Data Sheets;60
9;6 Modelling of Long Lines;65
9.1;6.1 Steady-State Losses of Long Lines;65
9.2;6.2 Steady-State Losses of Fittings;72
9.3;6.3 Time Domain Models;75
9.4;6.4 Frequency Domain Models;86
10;7 Electro-Mechanical Converters;90
10.1;7.1 Solenoids;90
10.2;7.2 Voice Coil and Plunger Type Systems;102
10.3;7.3 Piezoelectric Actuators;103
11;8 Cylinders;107
11.1;8.1 Stroke Cushioning;110
11.2;8.2 Mathematical Model;120
11.3;8.3 Cylinder Parameters;124
12;9 Non-Standard Linear Actuators;135
12.1;9.1 Multi-Position and Tandem Cylinders;135
12.2;9.2 Rodless Cylinders;138
12.3;9.3 Bellows;141
12.4;9.4 Rolling-Diaphragm Cylinders;145
12.5;9.6 Brake Chambers;147
12.6;9.5 Muscle Actuators;148
12.7;9.6 Impact and Knocking Cylinders;150
13;10 Semi-Rotary Actuators;152
13.1;10.1 Cylinder Based Actuators;152
13.2;10.2 Vane Type Actuators;155
14;11 Air Motors and Air Turbines;157
14.1;11.1 Vane Motors;159
14.2;11.2 Air Turbines;174
15;12 Directional Control Valves;177
15.1;12.1 Design of Directional Control Valves;179
15.2;12.2 Operation of Directional Control Valves;181
15.3;12.3 Simulation Model of Directional Control Valves;187
16;13 Shut-Off Valves;190
16.1;13.1 Non-Return Valves;190
16.2;13.2 Non-Return Valves with Override;193
16.3;13.3 Shuttle Valves;194
16.4;13.4 Twin Pressure Valves;195
16.5;13.5 Quick Exhaust Valves;196
17;14 Pressure Control Valves;198
17.1;14.1 Spring Controlled Pressure Regulators;198
17.2;14.2 Electrically Operated Pressure Regulators;212
17.3;14.3 Pressure Regulators with Closed-Loop Control;214
17.4;14.4 Pressure Relief Valves;217
17.5;14.5 Soft-Start Valves;218
18;15 Flow Control Valves;220
18.1;15.1 Throttling Valve;220
18.2;15.2 One-Way Flow Control Valve;221
18.3;15.3 Delay Valve;222
18.4;15.4 Automatic Shut-Off Valves;223
19;16 Proportional Directional Control Valves;225
19.1;16.1 Design of Proportional Directional Control Valves;226
19.2;16.2 Operation of Proportional Directional Control Valves;228
19.3;16.3 Simulation Model of Proportional Control Valves;233
19.4;16.4 Reports about Experimental and Commercial Valves;236
20;17 Stroke-Time Control;238
20.1;17.1 Circuits using Quick Exhaust Valves;240
20.2;17.2 Meter-Out Control;242
20.3;17.3 Meter-In Control;244
20.4;17.4 Circuits using Two Pressures;246
20.5;17.5 Oil Cushioning;248
21;18 Position Control of Pneumatic Systems;250
21.1;18.1 Mathematical Model for Control System Design;252
21.2;18.2 Model of Control Valves;253
21.3;18.3 Pressure Dynamics;256
21.4;18.4 Equation of Motion;259
21.5;18.5 Control Laws;262
21.6;18.6 Performance of a Commercial System;268
22;19 Control of Actuators for Process Valves;272
22.1;19.1 Characteristics of Process Control Systems;274
22.2;19.2 Positioners;276
23;20 Digital Simulation;283
23.1;20.1 Modelling Approaches;284
23.2;20.2 Principles of Object-Oriented Modelling;288
23.3;20.4 Fluid Power Libraries in Modelica;291
23.4;20.5 Library Solution for Example;295
23.5;20.6 Multi-Domain Models;296
24;References;299
25;Index;321