Beaulieu / De Wilde / Scherpen Smart Grids from a Global Perspective

Bridging Old and New Energy Systems
1. Auflage 2016
ISBN: 978-3-319-28077-6
Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 283 Seiten

Reihe: Power Systems

This book presents a cross-disciplinary approach to smart grids, offering an invaluable basis for understanding their complexity and potential, and for discussing their technical, legal, economic, societal, psychological and security aspects.
Smart grids are a complex phenomenon involving new, active roles for consumers and prosumers, novel social, political and cultural practices, advanced ICT, new markets, security of supply issues, the informational turn in energy, valuation of assets and investments, technological innovation and (de)regulation. Furthermore, smart grids offer new interfaces, in turn creating hybrid fields: with the increasing use of electric vehicles and electric transportation, smart grids represent the crossroads of energy and mobility. While the aim is to achieve more sustainable production, transportation and use of energy, the importance of smart grids actually has less to do with electricity, heat or gas, and far more with transforming the infrastructure needed to deliver energy, as well as the roles of its owners, operators and users. The immediate goal is to contribute positively to a sustainable world society.
The chapters are revised and expanded texts based upon lectures delivered at the Groningen Energy Summer School 2014. Questions for further discussion at the end of each chapter highlight the key themes that emerge.
The book offers an indispensable resource for researchers, professionals and companies in the power supply industry, and for students seeking to broaden and deepen their understanding of smart grids.


Jacquelien Scherpen's work has made a major mark in the area of model order reduction and physics-based control methods for complex nonlinear system. She combines new insights on both modeling and stabilization of nonlinear networks, including ground-breaking work on model reduction and complexity handling based on power and energy methods for control. More recently, she has developed these methods in the context of smart grid applications, resulting in a compelling demonstration of the value of applied mathematics for solving issues raised by smart grids. Her current work spans complexity reduction methods for control of distributed systems, energy- and power-based control methods for distributed systems, and distributed optimal control methods via pricing mechanisms. This unique combination promises to make important contributions to the theoretical developments in the field of systems and control, as well as to industrial, robotics, power systems, and smart grid applications. Professor Scherpen was recently promoted to a top-level professorship. As Scientific Director of the Institute for Technology and Management, she leads a team of outstanding researchers, several of whom are award-winning talents.Anne Beaulieu is project manager of the Groningen Energy and Sustainability Programme and research coordinator of the Energy Academy Europe. She joined the University of Groningen following several years as senior research fellow at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), where she also acted as deputy programme leader of the Virtual Knowledge Studio for the Humanities and Social Sciences  between 2005 and 2010. Before that, she obtained a PhD from the University of Amsterdam (2000) and in 1999, she was appointed Lecturer in Science, Culture and Communication, in Bath, UK. Her work at GESP is well served by her interdisciplinary background in the humanities and social sciences (McGill University 1992, 1994). Beaulieu has been a member of the Dutch national research school WTMC (science, technology and modern culture) since its inception.Jaap de Wilde Since 2007, Jaap de Wilde is professor in International Relations & Security at the Department of International Relations & International Organization (IRIO), University of Groningen. From 2008-2012 he was head of department. He is governor of Globalisation Studies Groningen, which he co-founded in 2010. Since 2013 he is chairman of the Dutch Foundation for Peace Research, SVW. From 2001 to 2007, De Wilde was professor in European Security Studies at the Department of Political Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and from 1995-2007 senior research fellow in European Studies and IR Theory at the Centre for European Studies (CES), University of Twente. From 1993-1995 he worked as senior research fellow at the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute (COPRI).

Autoren/Hrsg.

Beaulieu, Anne

De Wilde, Jaap

Scherpen, Jacquelien M. A.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Foreword;6
2;Contents;10
3;1 Introduction---Smart Grids: Design, Analysis and Implementation of a New Socio-technical System;12
3.1;Acknowledgedments;19
3.2;References;19
4;Part IApproaches to Changing Energy Systems;20
5;2 How Energy Distribution Will Change: An ICT Perspective;21
5.1;Abstract;21
5.2;1 Prologue;21
5.3;2 Introduction;22
5.4;3 The Smart Meter View;23
5.5;4 The End User View;26
5.5.1;4.1 Information Flow;26
5.5.2;4.2 Information with Value;27
5.6;5 The DSO View;28
5.6.1;5.1 Topology Adaptation;29
5.6.2;5.2 The Value of Analytics;31
5.6.3;5.3 A Parallel Between Telecoms and DSO;31
5.7;6 The ICT Provider View;32
5.8;7 Concluding Remarks;33
5.9;References;34
6;3 Smart Business for Smart Users: A Social Agenda for Developing Smart Grids;36
6.1;Abstract;36
6.2;1 The Smart Grid as Panacea;37
6.3;2 Envisioning the Smart Grid;39
6.4;3 Social Practices;42
6.5;4 User-Centered Business Models;44
6.6;5 The User as Innovator;46
6.6.1;5.1 Passive Barrier Roles;47
6.6.2;5.2 Passive Enabler Roles;47
6.6.3;5.3 Active Barrier Roles;47
6.6.4;5.4 Active Enabler Roles;47
6.7;6 Smart Business for Smart Users: A Research Agenda;49
6.8;References;50
7;4 Transition to Smart Grids: A Psychological Perspective;52
7.1;Abstract;52
7.2;1 Introduction;52
7.3;2 Which Behaviour Changes Are Needed to Promote Smart Grids?;53
7.4;3 Factors Underlying Behaviour in Smart Grids;55
7.4.1;3.1 Motivations;55
7.4.2;3.2 Contextual Factors;58
7.5;4 Interventions to Promote a Transition to Smart Grids;59
7.5.1;4.1 Structural Strategies;59
7.5.2;4.2 Psychological Strategies;61
7.6;5 Acceptability of Smart Grids;64
7.6.1;5.1 Distributive Fairness;64
7.6.2;5.2 Trust in Involved Parties and Acceptability;65
7.6.3;5.3 Public Involvement;65
7.7;6 Conclusion;66
7.8;References;67
8;5 What Are Smart Grids? Epistemology, Interdisciplinarity and Getting Things Done;72
8.1;Abstract;72
8.2;1 Introduction: Kinds of Work Done by Definitions;72
8.3;2 Definitions and Promissory Work;74
8.4;3 Definitions and the Creation of Objects;76
8.5;4 Definitions and Boundary Work;77
8.6;5 Conclusion;79
8.7;Acknowledgments;81
8.8;References;81
9;Part IIControl and Regulation of SmartGrids: Technical, Legal, Economic,and Social Approaches;83
10;6 Cyber-Security Vulnerabilities: An Impediment Against Further Development of Smart Grid;84
10.1;Abstract;84
10.2;1 Introduction to Smart Grid;84
10.3;2 Smart Grid Vulnerabilities;85
10.4;3 Categorization of Smart Grid Vulnerabilities;87
10.5;4 Vulnerabilities Associated with Smart Substations;87
10.6;5 Vulnerabilities Associated with the AMI System;88
10.6.1;5.1 Advanced Metering Infrastructure;89
10.6.2;5.2 AMI System Topology;90
10.6.3;5.3 AMI Network Domains;91
10.6.4;5.4 Cyber Threats Impacting AMI Systems;92
10.6.5;5.5 AMI Cybersecurity Provisions;94
10.7;6 Suitability of Microgrid as a Testbed for Cybersecurity;95
10.7.1;6.1 Overview of BCIT Microgrid;95
10.7.2;6.2 The BCIT Microgrid as a Cyberwar Theatre;98
10.8;7 Conclusion;99
10.9;Further Readings;100
11;7 The Optimal Control Problem in Smart Energy Grids;101
11.1;Abstract;101
11.2;1 Introduction;101
11.3;2 Preliminaries;103
11.4;3 Supply--Demand Matching;105
11.4.1;3.1 Demand Response Regulation;106
11.4.2;3.2 Energy Storage Using Power-to-Gas Facilities;107
11.5;4 Embedding in the Market Structure;110
11.5.1;4.1 Universal Smart Energy Framework;110
11.5.2;4.2 Demand Response in the Universal Smart Energy Framework;112
11.6;5 Concluding Remarks;115
11.7;Acknowledgements;116
11.8;References;116
12;8 Economic Regulation of Energy Networks;118
12.1;Abstract;118
12.2;1 Introduction;118
12.3;2 Theory of Economic Regulation;120
12.3.1;2.1 Regulatory Principles;120
12.3.2;2.2 Tariff Regulation, Investments and Risks;123
12.3.3;2.3 Realising Optimal Investments;124
12.4;3 Regulation of the Dutch Distribution Grids;126
12.4.1;3.1 General Principles;126
12.4.2;3.2 Regulation of Tariffs and Quality;126
12.4.3;3.3 Effects on Tariffs and Network Quality;128
12.5;4 Tariff Regulation and Smart Grids;129
12.6;5 Conclusion;132
12.7;References;133
13;9 Frequency Regulation in Power Grids by Optimal Load and Generation Control;134
13.1;Abstract;134
13.2;1 Introduction;135
13.3;2 Dynamic Model of the Power Grid;136
13.4;3 Stability and Incremental Passivity of the System;139
13.5;4 Maximising Social Welfare;142
13.6;5 Optimal Generation and Load Control;144
13.7;6 Case Study;145
13.8;7 Conclusions and Future Research;147
13.9;Appendix;147
13.10;References;150
14;10 Charging Electric Vehicles in the Smart Grid;152
14.1;Abstract;152
14.2;1 Introduction;152
14.3;2 Electrical Vehicle Charging;154
14.3.1;2.1 Battery Charging and State of Charge;154
14.3.2;2.2 IEC Charging Modes;155
14.3.3;2.3 Communication;155
14.3.4;2.4 Alternative Charging Solutions;156
14.4;3 Sample Case Study 1: Load Flattening;156
14.5;4 Sample Case Study 2: Balancing Renewable Generation;159
14.6;5 Demand Response Strategies;161
14.7;6 Simulation Tools;163
14.8;7 Conclusions;165
14.9;Acknowledgements;166
14.10;References;166
15;11 Demand Side and Dispatchable Power Plants with Electric Mobility;167
15.1;Abstract;167
15.2;1 Introduction;167
15.3;2 Sources of Variability and Flexibility;169
15.4;3 Electric Mobility;170
15.5;4 Electric Mobility and Demand Side Management;172
15.6;5 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles as Dispatchable Power Plants;173
15.7;6 FCEVs as Dispatchable Power Plants: Implementation Aspects;174
15.7.1;6.1 Technical and Institutional Considerations;174
15.7.1.1;6.1.1 Power Capacity of V2G;174
15.7.1.2;6.1.2 Institutions and Business Models;175
15.7.2;6.2 Frameworks for Implementation;175
15.7.3;6.3 Barriers for V2G Implementation;176
15.8;7 Car-Park Power Plant;177
15.8.1;7.1 Car-Park Power Plant;178
15.8.2;7.2 Operation of a Car-Park Power Plant;178
15.9;8 Final Remarks;180
15.10;Acknowledgments;180
15.11;References;181
16;12 Privacy Issues in the Use of Smart Meters---Law Enforcement Use of Smart Meter Data;182
16.1;Abstract;182
16.2;1 Introduction;182
16.3;2 Smart Meter Data Under European Data Protection and Privacy Rules;184
16.3.1;2.1 Privacy and Data Protection in Europe;184
16.3.2;2.2 Smart Meter Data as Personal Data;186
16.4;3 Smart Meters and Law Enforcement Authorities;187
16.4.1;3.1 Risks for the Protection of Privacy of Individuals Deriving from Surveillance via Smart Meter Data;188
16.4.1.1;3.1.1 Individual Surveillance;189
16.4.1.2;3.1.2 Mass Surveillance;191
16.5;4 European Legal Framework and Existing Safeguards;192
16.6;5 Conclusion;195
16.7;References;196
17;13 Conducting a Smarter Grid: Reflecting on the Power and Security Behind Smart Grids with Foucault;200
17.1;Abstract;200
17.2;1 Introduction;200
17.3;2 Politics of Smart Grids;202
17.4;3 Power, Knowledge and the Conducting of Choice;204
17.5;4 Knowing the Grid and Its Consumers;205
17.6;5 Conducting the Conduct of Consumers;207
17.7;6 Securing Free Electricity Markets;208
17.8;7 Decentralisation of Electricity;210
17.9;8 In Reflection;212
17.10;References;213
18;Part IIIImplementing Smart Grids:What Have We Learned?;217
19;14 Emerging e-Practices, Information Flows and the Home: A Sociological Research Agenda on Smart Energy Systems;218
19.1;Abstract;218
19.2;1 Introduction;219
19.3;2 Social Practice Theory and Smart Energy Systems;219
19.3.1;2.1 Energy Practices;220
19.3.2;2.2 Dynamics of the Home;221
19.4;3 Information Flows in Smart Grid Configurations;222
19.4.1;3.1 Information, Control and Privacy;224
19.5;4 Findings on Emerging e-Practices and Information Flows;225
19.5.1;4.1 Information Flows Within Households;225
19.5.2;4.2 Information Flows Between Households and Providers;226
19.5.3;4.3 Information Sharing Between Householders;227
19.6;5 Conclusion;229
19.7;6 An Unfolding Research Agenda on Smart Energy Systems and e-Practices;230
19.8;References;232
20;15 Smart Grid Pilot Projects and Implementation in the Field;235
20.1;Abstract;235
20.2;1 Introduction;236
20.3;2 Towards Regional Tailor-Made Solutions;237
20.4;3 Lessons Learned from Dutch Demonstration Projects;238
20.4.1;3.1 Feasibility Projects: PowerMatching City;239
20.5;4 Small Scale Demonstration Projects;240
20.5.1;4.1 PowerMatching City II;241
20.5.2;4.2 Smart Grid: Benefits for All;242
20.6;5 Towards Large-Scale Implementation;244
20.6.1;5.1 Green Deal Smart Energy Cities;245
20.6.2;5.2 Universal Smart Energy Framework;246
20.7;6 Conclusions;247
21;16 Energy Efficiency in a Mobile World;249
21.1;Abstract;249
21.2;1 Introduction;249
21.3;2 Data Collection in a Smart Grid Living Lab;251
21.4;3 Information Visualisation for Sensing Data;252
21.5;4 Case Study on Energy Management;252
21.5.1;4.1 Domain Characterisation;253
21.5.2;4.2 Data and Operations;255
21.6;5 Visualisations for Domain Experts;256
21.7;6 Evaluating Visualisations;260
21.8;7 From Needs to Better Decision Support;265
21.9;8 Conclusions;266
21.10;Acknowledgments;267
21.11;References;267
22;17 End User Research in PowerMatching City II;269
22.1;Abstract;269
22.2;1 PowerMatching City;270
22.2.1;1.1 Two Energy Services: Sustainable Together and Smart Cost Savings;270
22.2.2;1.2 Three Ways to Control Energy Use;272
22.3;2 End User Research in PowerMatching City II;273
22.3.1;2.1 Timeline of the Research;273
22.3.2;2.2 Measures of Experiences and Behaviour;274
22.4;3 Key Results;275
22.4.1;3.1 Evaluation of the Two Energy Services;276
22.4.2;3.2 Evaluation of Automatic, Smart, and Manual Control;278
22.4.3;3.3 Energy Monitor;279
22.4.4;3.4 Smart Grid Community;279
22.5;4 Summary and Discussion;280
22.6;Acknowledgments;282
22.7;References;282