Bell Methods of Treatment of Unstable Ground

1. Auflage 2013
ISBN: 978-1-4831-6327-7
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 225 Seiten, Web PDF

Methods of Treatment of Unstable Ground focuses on the methods of treatment that have been adopted by engineers in their attempts to make unstable ground usable. These methods are meant to stabilize ground, either temporarily as in ground-water lowering or freezing techniques, or permanently as in grouting. This book is comprised of 11 chapters. The first of which reviews some of the modern techniques in addressing problems caused by unstable ground, including those caused by water in excavations, instability of natural or excavated slopes, the settlement of structures on soft or loose soils, and subsidence due to extraction of minerals from the ground. These techniques range from ground-water lowering to the use of an impermeable barrier around the excavation to prevent inflow and at the same time maintain the surrounding water table at its normal level. Attention then turns to the use of electro-osmosis and electrochemical stabilization in ground engineering; control of groundwater by excluding it through grouting; and fundamental conditions governing the penetration of grouts. The remaining chapters explore grout selection based on engineering performance; ground conditions in mining areas; clay grouting and alluvial grouting; and ground freezing. Finally, the use of cement to stabilize soil and of vibroflotation to improve poor ground below foundations of structures is described. This book should prove useful to engineers engaged in ground engineering.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bell, F G

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Methods of Treatment of Unstable Ground;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;Table of Contents;8
5;Preface;6
6;Chapter 1. The Problems of Unstable Ground: A Review of Modern Techniques of Ground Treatment;10
6.1;Excavation for structural foundations;11
6.2;Excavation for shafts and tunnels;16
6.3;The stability of slopes;17
6.4;The foundation of structures;19
6.5;REFERENCES;20
7;Chapter 2. Control of Ground-water by Ground-water
Lowering;21
7.1;History;21
7.2;Ground-water control;22
7.3;Theory of ground-water lowering;23
7.4;Methods of ground-water lowering;29
7.5;Settlement due to water lowering;33
7.6;Electro-osmosis and electrochemical consolidation;33
7.7;REFERENCES;34
8;Chapter 3. Electro-osmosis and Electrochemical Stabilisation;35
8.1;Electro-osmotic flow;35
8.2;Electrochemical stabilisation;38
8.3;Application of electrochemical processes;41
8.4;Acknowledgements;45
8.5;REFERENCES;45
9;Chapter 4. Ground-water Control by Exclusion;46
9.1;Development of grouting;47
9.2;Techniques of grouting;47
9.3;Grout curtains;50
9.4;Grouts and grout mixes;51
9.5;Limitations and failures of grouting;52
9.6;Testing;56
9.7;Other methods of exclusion;57
9.8;Further examples;59
9.9;Conclusion;74
9.10;Acknowledgements;74
9.11;REFERENCES;76
10;Chapter 5. Fundamental Conditions Governing the Penetration of Grouts;78
10.1;Penetration rate for grouts with true fluid properties;79
10.2;Penetration and blockage for particulate suspensions;82
10.3;Character of the progressing boundary between injected grout and ground water;84
10.4;Intrusive penetration in grouting technology;88
10.5;Mechanical strengths of grouted soils;90
10.6;REFERENCES;92
10.7;BIBLIOGRAPHY;92
11;Chapter 6. Classifiction of Grout: Classification by Engineering Performance for Grout Selection;93
11.1;Summary;93
11.2;Introduction;93
11.3;How grouts interact with the ground;94
11.4;Materials for grouts;96
11.5;Setting of grouts: pathways to 3-D molecular structures;97
11.6;Setting time and its control;101
11.7;Classification;107
11.8;Economic evaluation for final grout selection;116
11.9;REFERENCES;120
11.10;BIBLIOGRAPHY;120
12;Chapter 7. Ground Conditions in Mining Areas;121
12.1;The character of the Coal Measures;121
12.2;Mining methods;126
12.3;A note on the geotechnical character of mine discard;136
12.4;Site investigations;138
12.5;Foundations in areas of old mine workings;140
12.6;Subsidence caused by factors other than coal mining;143
12.7;Acknowledgement;148
12.8;REFERENCES;149
12.9;BIBLIOGRAPHY;149
13;Chapter 8. Clay Grouting and Alluvial Grouting;150
13.1;Alluvial deposits;150
13.2;Objectives;152
13.3;Stability and permanence of grouts;153
13.4;Specifications of grout properties;154
13.5;Methods of grouting;155
13.6;Mixing and batching;158
13.7;Choice of grouts;161
13.8;Control and evaluation;162
13.9;Acknowledgement;166
13.10;REFERENCES;166
13.11;BIBLIOGRAPHY;167
14;Chapter 9. Ground Freezing;168
14.1;Historical;168
14.2;The engineering scope of ground freezing;169
14.3;Description of the process;169
14.4;The effect of freezing on soils;173
14.5;Mode of heat extraction;174
14.6;Abnormal circumstances;177
14.7;The placement of concrete against frozen ground;178
14.8;Conclusions;178
14.9;REFERENCES;179
14.10;BIBLIOGRAPHY;179
15;Chapter 10. Stabilisation of Soil by Cement;181
15.1;Introduction;181
15.2;The function of cement in stabilised materials;183
15.3;Mix design criteria;185
15.4;Construction;185
15.5;Other applications;189
15.6;Conclusions;189
15.7;REFERENCES;190
15.8;Rapid Methods of Soil Stabilisation;190
15.9;REFERENCES;195
15.10;The Use of Terram Fabric to Provide High-quality Access Roads;196
15.11;BIBLIOGRAPHY;197
16;Chapter 11. Vibroflotation: Rationale for Design and Practice;198
16.1;Evolution of vibroflotation;198
16.2;Machine characteristics;199
16.3;Effects of vibro-replacement and vibro-displacement on cohesive soil;202
16.4;Design considerations;204
16.5;Foundation load-settlement characteristics;211
16.6;Contact pressure distribution at base footing;213
16.7;Practical considerations;215
16.8;Conclusion;217
16.9;Acknowledgement;218
16.10;REFERENCES;218
17;Index;220