Benchaoui / Bousquet-Mélou / E Comparative and Veterinary Pharmacology

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-10324-7
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 348 Seiten

The human-animal bond has evolved and diversi?ed down the ages. Dogs, cats and even horses, have long ful?lled the role of faithful companion and indeed, as exempli?ed by the introduction of seeing and hearing dogs, there may be a critical level of co-dependency between the species. In the twenty-?rst century, the animal types that are kept as pets in many parts of the world are extensive ranging from reptiles through rodents to ruminants and beyond. As would be predicted by the nature of the relationship, the approach to treatment of a companion animal is often closely aligned to that which would have been offered to their owner. However, an increasing awareness of welfare issues, such as the recognition that animals expe- ence pain and the proven bene?ts of disease prevention in intensive farming units, together with the growth in zoos and wildlife parks, has increased the likelihood of food producing and non-domesticated animals receiving medicinal products during their life-time. Although many of the individual drugs or classes of drugs administered to animals are the same as, or derived from, those given to man, the safe and effective use of drugs in animals often cannot be achieved by simply transposing knowledge of drug action on, or behaviour in, the body from one species to another. The impact of the anatomical, physiological and pathophysiological variability that spans the animal kingdom can often profoundly alter drug response.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Benchaoui, Hafid

Bousquet-Mélou, Alain

E, Jonathan

Cunningham, Fiona

Elliott, Jonathan

Lees, Peter

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;5
2;Contents;7
3;Contributors;9
4;Part I: Topics in Veterinary Pharmacology ;11
4.1;Introduction;12
4.1.1;From Materia Medica to Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics;12
4.1.2;Aims of This Volume and Rationale for Inclusion of the Chapters;16
4.1.3;References;26
4.2;Species Differences in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics;27
4.2.1;Introduction;28
4.2.2;Diversity of Species and Breeds of Interest for Veterinary Medicine;29
4.2.3;Origin of Interspecies Differences in Modalities of Drug Administration;32
4.2.4;Origin of Interspecies Differences in Drug Disposition and Drug Action;34
4.2.5;Origin of Interspecies Differences in Dosage Regimens;38
4.2.6;Pour-on Formulations: Dermal or Oral Route of Administration?;40
4.2.7;Consequence of Coprophagia on Drug Disposition and Responses;41
4.2.8;Interspecies Differences in Drug Disposition in Relation to Digestive Tract Physiology;42
4.2.9;Species Variation in Drug Metabolism;45
4.2.10;Kidney Function and Urinary pH;48
4.2.11;Specificity in Drug Administration and Disposition in Poultry;49
4.2.12;Species Variability in Drug Administration and Disposition in Fish;51
4.2.13;Conclusions;53
4.2.14;References;53
4.3;Comparative and Veterinary Pharmacogenomics;57
4.3.1;Introduction;58
4.3.2;Drug Disposition;59
4.3.2.1;Oxidative Enzymes;59
4.3.2.1.1;Cytochrome P450 2D15 in Dogs;59
4.3.2.1.2;Cytochrome P450 2D in Rats;61
4.3.2.1.3;Cytochrome P450 2C41 in Dogs;61
4.3.2.1.4;Cytochrome P450 1A2 in Dogs;62
4.3.2.1.5;Cytochrome P450 2B11 in Dogs;63
4.3.2.1.6;Esterases in Horses and Rabbits;65
4.3.2.2;Conjugative Enzymes;67
4.3.2.2.1;N-acetyltransferase in Mice, Rats, Hamsters, Rabbits and Rhesus Macaques;67
4.3.2.2.2;UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A in Rats;68
4.3.2.2.3;UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2B2 in Rats;69
4.3.2.2.4;Thiopurine Methyltransferase in Cats, Dogs and Mice;69
4.3.2.3;Transporters;70
4.3.2.3.1;P-glycoprotein in Dogs and Mice;70
4.3.2.3.2;MRP2 in Rats;72
4.3.2.4;Other;73
4.3.2.4.1;Albumin in Rats and Dogs;73
4.3.2.4.2;Arylhydrocarbon Receptor in Mice and Rats;73
4.3.3;Drug Effect;74
4.3.3.1;Malignant Hyperthermia in Pigs, Dogs, Cats and Horses;74
4.3.3.2;Warfarin Resistance in Rats;77
4.3.4;Future Directions;78
4.3.5;References;78
4.4;Drug Delivery Systems in Domestic Animal Species;86
4.4.1;Introduction to Veterinary Drug Delivery: Comparison with Drug Delivery in Human Medicine;87
4.4.2;Controlled-Release Principles in Veterinary Medicine;89
4.4.3;Exogenous Regulation: Devices and Formulations;90
4.4.3.1;Oral Formulations;90
4.4.3.2;Airway Delivery: Pulmonary and Nasal;93
4.4.3.3;Topical Formulations and Transdermal Patches;95
4.4.3.4;Intravaginal Delivery for Fertility Regulation;98
4.4.3.5;Intramammary Formulations for Ruminants;99
4.4.3.6;Ocular and Periodontal Adhesives;101
4.4.3.7;Sustained-Release Parenteral Veterinary Drug Delivery;102
4.4.4;Endogenous Regulation: The Role of Drug Transporters in Regulating Delivery;104
4.4.4.1;ABC Efflux Transporters in Veterinary Medicine;105
4.4.4.2;Potential Veterinary Drug Interactions Based on Transporters;107
4.4.5;Conclusions;110
4.4.6;References;111
4.5;Population Medicine and Control of Epidemics;120
4.5.1;Introduction;121
4.5.2;Helminth Control;121
4.5.2.1;Helminth Parasites of Ruminants;121
4.5.2.2;Helminth Parasites of Dogs and Cats;123
4.5.2.2.1;Gastro-Intestinal Nematodes;123
4.5.2.2.2;Cestodes;126
4.5.2.2.3;Heartworm;128
4.5.2.3;Anthelmintic Agents;129
4.5.2.4;Anthelmintic Resistance;129
4.5.3;Mastitis Control in Dairy Cows;131
4.5.4;Control of Respiratory Disease in Cattle and Swine;134
4.5.5;Conclusion;139
4.5.6;References;140
4.6;Interspecies Allometric Scaling;146
4.6.1;Introduction;147
4.6.2;History of Scaling;150
4.6.2.1;Linear ExtrapolationLinear extrapolation;151
4.6.2.2;Metabolic ScalingMetabolic scaling;151
4.6.2.3;Allometric ScalingAllometric scaling;153
4.6.3;Discussion and Conclusions;156
4.6.4;References;162
4.7;Pain and Analgesia in Domestic Animals;165
4.7.1;Introduction;166
4.7.2;Animal Pain;167
4.7.2.1;Significance of Pain Evaluation in Animals;167
4.7.2.2;Relevance to the Human Experience;168
4.7.2.3;Analgesic Factors;169
4.7.2.4;Analgesic Strategies and Techniques;170
4.7.2.5;Pain Perception in Animals;171
4.7.3;Recognition of Animal Pain;173
4.7.3.1;Laboratory Animals;173
4.7.3.2;Dogs and Cats;174
4.7.3.3;Horses and Other Equines;177
4.7.3.4;Cattle, Sheep, Goats and Camels;178
4.7.3.5;Birds;179
4.7.3.6;Other Non-mammalian Vertebrates;179
4.7.4;Analgesic Agents and Their Use in Domestic Animals;180
4.7.4.1;Local Anaesthetics;180
4.7.4.2;Opioids;182
4.7.4.3;Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs;184
4.7.4.4;Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonists;186
4.7.4.5;Tramadol;188
4.7.4.6;Treatment of Neuropathic Pain;188
4.7.5;Conclusions;189
4.7.6;References;189
4.8;New Technologies for Application to Veterinary Therapeutics;196
4.8.1;Introduction and Historical Background;197
4.8.2;Major Dynamics Affecting Veterinary Pharmacology;198
4.8.3;Technological Developments;200
4.8.4;Continued Advances in Computer Technology;202
4.8.5;Microfluidics;205
4.8.6;Nanotechnology;206
4.8.7;High-Throughput Screening;208
4.8.8;Increased Ability to Control and Target Drug Delivery;209
4.8.9;Increased Knowledge of Pharmacogenomics;210
4.8.10;Potential Impact on Veterinary Medicine;211
4.8.11;Conclusion;213
4.8.12;References;213
5;Part II: The Interface of Veterinary Pharmacology and Man;216
5.1;Genetically Modified Animals and Pharmacological Research;217
5.1.1;Introduction;218
5.1.2;The Potential of Detailed Animal Genomes;220
5.1.3;Use of Transgenic Mice to Reveal Drug Targets;221
5.1.4;The Development and Use of Transgenic Farm Animals;222
5.1.5;Farm Animal Pharming;223
5.1.6;Gene Therapy for Diseases of Companion and Farm Animals;224
5.1.7;Summary;226
5.1.8;References;226
5.2;Antimicrobial Drug Resistance;231
5.2.1;Introduction;232
5.2.2;Antimicrobial Mechanisms of Action;233
5.2.3;Resistance;237
5.2.3.1;Resistance Mechanisms;237
5.2.3.2;Defining the Term ``Resistance´´;237
5.2.3.3;Monitoring Programmes: Points to Consider;241
5.2.3.4;Impact of Antibiotic Use on Resistance;243
5.2.4;Pharmacokinetic Considerations;245
5.2.4.1;General Considerations;245
5.2.4.2;Mutation Selection Window;248
5.2.4.3;Duration of Dosing;249
5.2.4.4;PK/PD is More Than MICs;251
5.2.4.5;Clinical Susceptibility Breakpoints;253
5.2.5;Tolerance Versus Resistance;254
5.2.6;New Approaches in Antimicrobial Therapy;259
5.2.7;Conclusions;261
5.2.8;References;262
5.3;Drug Residues;269
5.3.1;Introduction;270
5.3.2;The Food Safety Risk Analysis Framework;271
5.3.2.1;Risk Assessment;272
5.3.2.1.1;Hazard Identificationhazard identification;273
5.3.2.1.2;Hazard Characterisationhazard characterisation;273
5.3.2.1.3;Exposure Assessmentexposure assessment;275
5.3.2.1.4;Risk Characterisationrisk characterisation;277
5.3.2.1.4.1;Analysing for Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Depletion Studies;282
5.3.2.1.4.2;Good Practice in the Use of Veterinary Drugsgood practise in the use of veterinary drugs;282
5.3.2.1.4.3;Residues of Veterinary Drugs at Injection Sites;282
5.3.2.2;Risk Managementrisk management;284
5.3.2.2.1;Residues of Veterinary Drugs and Food Safety;284
5.3.2.2.1.1;Calculating a Withdrawal Periodwithdrawal period for Edible Tissues;284
5.3.2.2.1.2;Calculating a Withdrawal Periodwithdrawal period for Milk;285
5.3.2.2.2;Residues of Veterinary Drugs in International Trade;287
5.3.2.2.2.1;Estimating an Export Slaughter Interval;287
5.3.2.3;Risk Communicationrisk communication;289
5.3.3;Post-approval Monitoring;289
5.3.3.1;Residue Control Programmes;289
5.3.4;Non-regulatory Mechanisms for the Control of Drug Residuesnon-regulatory mechanisms for the control of drug residues;290
5.3.4.1;The Role of the Veterinary Pharmaceutical Industryveterinary pharmaceutical industry;290
5.3.4.2;The Roles of Producersproducers, Veterinariansveterinarians and Food Processorsfood processors;290
5.3.5;Perspectives and Future Challenges;291
5.3.6;References;293
5.4;Veterinary Medicines and the Environment;295
5.4.1;Introduction;296
5.4.2;Routes of Input to the Environment;296
5.4.2.1;Manufacturing;297
5.4.2.2;Livestock Treatment;297
5.4.2.3;Aquaculture;298
5.4.3;Fate and Behaviour;299
5.4.3.1;Sorption in Soil;299
5.4.3.2;Persistence in Soil;301
5.4.3.3;Transport in Soil Systems;301
5.4.3.3.1;Leaching to Groundwater;301
5.4.3.3.2;Runoff;302
5.4.3.3.3;Drain Flow;302
5.4.3.4;Surface Waters;303
5.4.3.5;Uptake Into Biota;303
5.4.4;Occurrence;304
5.4.4.1;Aquaculture;304
5.4.4.2;Livestock Treatments;304
5.4.5;Impacts of Veterinary Drugs in the Environment;306
5.4.5.1;Effects in Regulatory Studies;306
5.4.5.2;Chronic and Subtle Effects;308
5.4.5.2.1;Avermectins and Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrates;309
5.4.5.2.2;Antibiotics and Soil Microbes;310
5.4.5.2.3;Diclofenac and Vultures;311
5.4.5.3;Human Health Risks;311
5.4.6;Recommendations for Future Research;312
5.4.7;References;313
5.5;Veterinary Medicines and Competition Animals: The Question of Medication Versus Doping Control;319
5.5.1;Introduction;321
5.5.2;Rationale for Anti-doping Versus Medication Control;321
5.5.3;Medication Versus Doping Control: Progress Towards a General Policy Giving Priority to the Welfare and Safety of the Horse;322
5.5.3.1;Doping Agents and Doping Control Issues;323
5.5.3.2;Medication Issues and Medication Control;326
5.5.4;Analytical Method and Doping Testing;327
5.5.5;Blood Versus Urine Testing and the Rationale for Selecting a Matrix for Doping and Medication Control;328
5.5.6;Substances Requiring a Threshold;330
5.5.7;Testing Exposure and the End of a Zero Tolerance Approach for Medication Control;331
5.5.8;The Decision Making Process on No Significant Effect Levels: A Risk Analysis Integrated Approach;334
5.5.8.1;Risk Assessment;334
5.5.8.1.1;Exposure Assessment;336
5.5.8.1.2;Risk Characterisation;337
5.5.8.2;Risk Management;337
5.5.8.3;Risk Communication: Detection Times Versus Withdrawal Times;338
5.5.9;From a Detection Time to a Withdrawal Time;339
5.5.10;Conclusion;340
5.5.11;References;341
6;Index;344