Benyahia / Eljack Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Gas Processing Symposium

Qatar, January 10-14, 2010
1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-0-444-53589-4
Verlag: Elsevier Science & Techn.
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: 6 - ePub Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 489 Seiten

Reihe: ISSN

Advances in Gas Processing: Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Gas Processing Symposium 11-1 4 January, 2010, Doha, Qatar, reviews the state of knowledge in gas processing. The contributions are organized around five main themes: (i) environmental sustainability; (ii) natural gas processing technologies; (iii) energy efficiency in operations; (iv) design and safety; and (v) operational excellence.
The papers on environmental sustainability cover topics such as the biogasification of waste monoethanolamine; the role of LNG in a carbon constrained world; and sustainable water management. The papers on natural gas processing technologies include the removal of acid gases from natural gas streams via membrane technology and selective control of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis hydrocarbons product distribution. The papers on energy efficiency in operations cover lifted turbulent jet flame in a cross-flow; novel hybrid biomass and coal processes; and the adoption of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The papers on design and safety include studies on the optimal design and operation of a GTL process and efficient design, operating, and control strategies for LNG plants. The papers on operational excellence deal with topics such as chemicals in gas processing; the monitoring and optimization of hydrocarbon separation equipment; and the inhibition of gas hydrate formation.
* Provides a state-of-the-art review of gas processing technologies * Covers design, operating tools, and methodologies * Includes case studies and practical applications

Autoren/Hrsg.

Benyahia, Farid

Eljack, Fadwa

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Front Cover;1
2;Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Gas ProcessingSymposium;4
3;Copyright Page;5
4;List ofContents;6
5;Preface;10
6;International Technical Committee Members(Reviewers);12
7;Biogasification of Waste Monoethanolamine Generated in Post Combustion CO2Capture;14
7.1;Abstract;14
7.2;1. Introduction;14
7.3;2. Experimental Methodology;14
7.4;3. Model simulation;15
7.5;4. Results and Discussion;16
7.6;5. Conclusions;21
7.7;Acknowledgements;21
7.8;References;21
8;Application of Post Combustion CO2 Capture to Natural Gas LiquefactionPlants;24
8.1;Abstract;24
8.2;1. Introduction;24
8.3;2. LNG Chain Emission Sources;25
8.4;3. CO2 Capture Technologies;27
8.5;4. Application of Post Combustion Capture to Liquefaction Plants;28
8.6;5. Results;29
8.7;6. Conclusions;31
8.8;References;32
9;Activated DEEA Process for CO2 Capture;34
9.1;Abstract;34
9.2;1. Introduction;34
9.3;2. Experimental;35
9.4;3. Reaction Mechanism;35
9.5;4. Results and Discussion;37
9.6;Conclusions;41
9.7;References;42
10;CO2 capture into aqueous solutions of the mixed solvent Cesar1;44
10.1;Abstract;44
10.2;1. Introduction;44
10.3;2. Experimental section;45
10.4;3. Results and discussion;47
10.5;4. Conclusion;52
10.6;Acknowledgements;52
10.7;References;52
11;Q-Chem Steam Boilers NOx Emissions Reduction;54
11.1;Abstract;54
11.2;1. Low NOx Burners industrial Application;54
11.3;References;62
12;The experience in using LDAR for monitoring fugitive emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds with special reference to RasGas’experience;64
12.1;Abstract;64
12.2;1. Background;65
12.3;2. RasGas Tagging, Monitoring and Repair Methods;65
12.4;3. Estimating Equipment Leak Emissions;68
12.5;4. Conclusion;71
12.6;References;71
13;Development of Al Dahkhirah Sewage Treatment Works to Reuse Treated Water for Construction Works,Qatar;72
13.1;Abstract;72
13.2;1. Introduction;73
13.3;2. Methodology;73
13.4;3. Results & Discussion;76
13.5;4. Preliminary Cost Analysis;79
13.6;5. Paper limitation and recommended Further Work;79
13.7;6. Conclusion &Recommendations;80
13.8;Acknowledgements;80
13.9;References;80
14;Bio-ethanol from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): the Environmental ImpactAssessment;82
14.1;Abstract;82
14.2;1. Introduction;82
14.3;2. Materials and Methods;84
14.4;3. Results and Discussion;85
14.5;4. Conclusions;88
14.6;5. Acknowledgments;89
14.7;6. References;89
15;Monoethanolamine biodegradation processes;90
15.1;Abstract;90
15.2;1. Introduction;90
15.3;2. Biological Treatment of MEA wastes;91
15.4;3. MEA degradation modeling;94
15.5;4. Conclusions;96
15.6;Acknowledgement;98
15.7;References;98
16;Environmental Sustainability and the Role of LNG in a Carbon ConstrainedWorld;100
16.1;Abstract;100
16.2;1. The Role of LNG in a Carbon Constrained World;100
16.3;2. Enhancing Environmental Sustainability in the LNG Industry;103
16.4;3. Conclusion: Is LNG an Environmentally Sustainable Fuel for the 21st Century?;109
16.5;References;109
17;Industrial Water Discharge and Biocide Fate Simulations with NonlinearConversion;112
17.1;Abstract;112
17.2;1. Introduction;113
17.3;2. Modeling and Simulation;113
17.4;3. Results;116
17.5;4. Conclusion;118
17.6;References;118
17.7;Acknowledgments;119
18;Sustainable Water Management: A Systems IntegrationApproach;120
18.1;Abstract;120
18.2;1. Introduction;120
18.3;2. Problem Statement;121
18.4;3. Approach;122
18.5;4. Case Study;124
18.6;5. Conclusions;127
18.7;References;127
19;Overview of Conversion of Greenhouse Gas Carbon dioxide toHydrocarbons;128
19.1;Abstract;128
19.2;1. Introduction;128
19.3;2. CO2 Conversion and Utilization;129
19.4;3. Challenges for CO2 Utilization;129
19.5;4. Research Strategies for CO2 Utilization;130
19.6;5. ERC to Hydrocarbons at Solid Polymeric Electrolyte;132
19.7;Acknowledgements:;133
19.8;References;133
20;Sulphur Sustainable Applications: Initial Field Monitoring and Performance of Shell Thiopave Trial Road inQatar;134
20.1;Abstract;134
20.2;1. Introduction;135
20.3;2. Use of Sulphur in Road Construction;136
20.4;3. Shell Thiopave Trial Road in Qatar;137
20.5;4. Summary of Findings;139
20.6;5. Recommendations;139
20.7;References;140
21;Utilization of Byproduct Sulfur for Chromium WasteTreatment;144
21.1;Abstract;144
21.2;1. Introduction;144
21.3;2. Materials and Methods;146
21.4;3. Results and Discussions;147
21.5;4. Conclusions;150
21.6;References;150
21.7;Acknowledgments;151
22;Removal of Acid gases from Natural Gas Streams by MembraneTechnology;152
22.1;Abstract;152
22.2;1. Introduction;152
22.3;2. Membrane Modules and Process Configurations;154
22.4;3. Polymer Membranes for Natural Gas Purification;155
22.5;4. Conclusions;156
22.6;Acknowledgement:;156
22.7;References;156
23;Catalytic Dry Reforming of Methane Using Ni/MgO-ZrO2Catalyst;158
23.1;Abstract;158
23.2;1. Introduction;158
23.3;2. Materials and Methods;159
23.4;3. Results and Discussion;160
23.5;4. Conclusions and Recommendations;164
23.6;References;165
24;Smart Leak Detection and Repair at Q-Chem;166
24.1;Abstract;166
24.2;1. Leak Detection and Repair;167
24.3;2. Smart LDAR Program at Q-Chem;171
24.4;References;175
25;Gas processing andIntegrated Environmental Management;176
25.1;Abstract;176
25.2;1. Introduction;176
25.3;2. Cases of energy optimization in gas processing;178
25.4;3. CO2 capture, transport and storage;181
25.5;4. Examples of the need for fundamental expertise and know-how;185
25.6;5. Conclusions;188
25.7;References;188
26;Dehydration of Acid Gas Prior to Injection;190
26.1;Abstract;190
26.2;1. Introduction;190
26.3;2. Acid Gas Dehydration;191
26.4;3. Conclusions;197
26.5;References;198
27;Adsorption Thermodynamics of Natural Gas Storage onto Pitch-Based ActivatedCarbons;200
27.1;Abstract;200
27.2;1. Introduction;200
27.3;2. Materials and Experimental Methods;201
27.4;3. Adsorption Thermodynamics;204
27.5;4. Results and Discussion;205
27.6;5. Conclusion;207
27.7;References;208
28;Opportunities for Selective Control of Fischer-Tropsch SynthesisHydrocarbons Product Distribution;210
28.1;Abstract;210
28.2;1. Introduction;210
28.3;2. Selective Control of Hydrocarbon Product Distribution in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis;211
28.4;3. Experimental;213
28.5;4. Results;214
28.6;5. Conclusions;219
28.7;Acknowledgement;220
28.8;References;220
29;Infrared (IR) Thermography for Condition Monitoring atQ-Chem;222
29.1;Abstract;222
29.2;1. Introduction;223
29.3;2. Why Thermal Imaging?;223
29.4;3. What is Infrared Thermography?;223
29.5;4. Thermography as Condition Monitoring Tool;224
29.6;5. Applications of Thermography in Process Industry;224
29.7;6. Thermography Program at Q-Chem;226
29.8;7. Path to Reliability;226
29.9;8. NFPA 70E Requirements;228
29.10;9. IR View Ports and SpyGlass Lens-An innovation;228
29.11;10. Program Success Stories;230
29.12;11. Conclusion;232
29.13;Acknowledgments;232
29.14;References;232
30;Industrial Operation of HySWEET®, a New Hybrid Solvent for Improved MercaptanRemoval;234
30.1;Abstract;234
30.2;1. Introduction;235
30.3;2. Development of the HySWEET® process;236
30.4;3. Techno-economic evaluation;237
30.5;4. Industrial operation of the HySWEET®-DEA process at the Lacq plant;239
30.6;5. Conclusion;241
30.7;References;241
31;FLEXSORB SE A Proven Reliable Acid Gas EnrichmentSolvent;242
31.1;1. AGE Background;242
31.2;2. What levels of enrichment are possible?;244
31.3;3. Commercial Experience;245
31.4;4. Conclusion;247
31.5;References;248
32;Computational Study of a Lifted Turbulent Jet Flame in a Cross-flow: FlameLength and Emissions;250
32.1;Abstract;250
32.2;1. Introduction;250
32.3;2. Numerical models;251
32.4;3. Computational details;252
32.5;4. Results and discussion;253
32.6;5. Conclusions;257
32.7;Acknowledgments;257
32.8;References;257
33;Towards Novel Hybrid Biomass and Coal Processes for Satisfying Transportation FuelDemands;260
33.1;Abstract;260
33.2;1. Introduction and Background;260
33.3;2. Process Flowsheets;261
33.4;3. Heat and Power Recovery Network;263
33.5;4. Economic Assumptions;265
33.6;5. Results and Discussion;267
33.7;References;268
34;The Impact of PHEV Adoption on Natural Gas Demand in ElectricityGeneration;270
34.1;Abstract;270
34.2;1. Introduction;270
34.3;2. Electricity Demand Modeling;271
34.4;3. Electricity Generation Modeling;272
34.5;4. California Case Study;273
34.6;5. Conclusion;277
34.7;References;278
35;Design of Sustainable Processes: Systematic Generation & Evaluation ofAlternatives;280
35.1;Abstract;280
35.2;1. Introduction;280
35.3;2. Methodology;281
35.4;3. SustainPro;283
35.5;4. Ammonia- Case Study;283
35.6;5. Conclusions;286
35.7;6. Acknowledgments;286
35.8;References;287
36;Steady State Simulation for Optimal Design and Operation of a GTLProcess;288
36.1;Abstract;288
36.2;1. Introduction;288
36.3;2. Conceptual design of a GTL process;289
36.4;3. Optimal operation and Self-optimizing control;292
36.5;4. Conclusion;297
36.6;References;297
37;Techno-Economic Analysis of Gas-To-Liquid process;300
37.1;Abstract;300
37.2;1. Introduction to Gas-To-Liquid Technology;300
37.3;2. Methodology and Approach;302
37.4;3. Case Study;302
37.5;4. Results and Analysis;303
37.6;5. Conclusions;309
37.7;Reference;310
38;The Role of Molecular Thermodynamics and Simulation in Natural Gas SustainableProcesses;312
38.1;Abstract;312
38.2;1. Introduction;312
38.3;2. Force Filed Development;314
38.4;3. Results and Discussion;316
38.5;4. Conclusions;321
38.6;Acknowledgment;321
38.7;References;322
39;Efficient Design, Operating and Control Strategies for LNGPlants;324
39.1;Abstract;324
39.2;1. Introduction;325
39.3;2. Background;325
39.4;3. Excellence in operation: how to get the most out of an existing facility;326
39.5;4. New liquefaction line ups: including the lessons learned for a more efficientoperation;331
39.6;5. Conclusions;332
39.7;References;332
40;Thermodynamic Analysis on Post Combustion CO2 Capture of Natural Gas Fired PowerPlant;334
40.1;Abstract;334
40.2;1. Introduction;334
40.3;2. Exergy analysis;335
40.4;3. Methodology;336
40.5;4. Base case model;337
40.6;5. Results;339
40.7;6. Concluding remarks;341
40.8;References;342
41;Self-Optimizing and Control Structure Design for a CO2 CapturingPlant;344
41.1;Abstract;344
41.2;1. Introduction;344
41.3;2. Self-optimizing control of a CO2 capturing plant;345
41.4;3. Dynamic simulation;349
41.5;4. Conclusion;351
41.6;References;351
42;Pilot Plant Study of 3-(methylamino)Propylamine Sarcosine for Post-combustion CO2Capture;352
42.1;Abstract;352
42.2;1. Introduction;352
42.3;2. Laboratory Pilot Plant Description;353
42.4;3. Experimental;354
42.5;4. Results and Discussion;356
42.6;5. Conclusions;359
42.7;Acknowledgement;360
42.8;References;360
43;Qatar, LNG, Spill Experiments and Process Safety;362
43.1;Abstract;362
43.2;1. World Natural Gas (NG) Reserves;362
43.3;2. The Global Impact of an LNG Incident;363
43.4;3. Design Standards for LNG Facilities;363
43.5;4. Brayton Fire Training Field LNG Spill Tests;364
43.6;5. Numerical Simulation of LNG Vapor Dispersion Using the CFX Code;367
43.7;6. Experiments at Ras Laffan Emergency and Safety College (RLESC);369
43.8;References;370
44;Optimization of Flare Header Platform Design in a Liquefied Natural GasPlant;372
44.1;Abstract;372
44.2;1. Introduction;372
44.3;2. Finite Element Model Development;374
44.4;3. Results and Discussion;376
44.5;4. Conclusion;380
44.6;References;380
45;A Method to Design an Advanced Gas-to-Liquid Technology Reactor for Fischer-TropschSynthesis;382
45.1;Abstract;382
45.2;1. Introduction;382
45.3;2. Novel Approach to the Design of Advanced Fischer-Tropsch ReactorTechnology;384
45.4;3. Conclusions;389
45.5;Acknowledgment;389
45.6;References;390
46;Recent Developments in Identification fromStep Response;392
46.1;Abstract;392
46.2;1. Introduction;392
46.3;2. Mathematical Formulation;393
46.4;3. Concluding remarks;400
46.5;References;400
47;Multi-Objective Optimization forOperational Excellence;402
47.1;Abstract;402
47.2;1. Introduction;402
47.3;2. Framework and Methodology;403
47.4;3. Case Study: Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) Plant;407
47.5;4. Results and Discussions;409
47.6;5. Conclusions;410
47.7;References;410
48;On the P?T, P?T and Phase Envelope Behavior Characterization of Qatari Type NaturalGas Mixtures;412
48.1;Abstract;412
48.2;1. Introduction;413
48.3;2. Experimental;413
48.4;3. Future Work;419
48.5;4. Acknowledgements;419
48.6;References;419
49;Studying Influence of Changing Fuel on the Operation and Total Annual Cost of the Total Site UsingR-curve;422
49.1;Abstract;422
49.2;1. Introduction;422
49.3;2. R-curve Concept;423
49.4;3. R-ratio vs. TAC Curve;424
49.5;4. Mathematical Model;425
49.6;5. Emissions of Different Fuels;425
49.7;6. Methodology;426
49.8;7. Case Study;427
49.9;8. Conclusions;431
49.10;References;431
50;Chemicals in Gas Processing (CHIGP): An industrial project for the thermodynamics of complexpetroleum fluids;432
50.1;Abstract;432
50.2;1. The CPA (Cubic Plus Association) Equation of State;432
50.3;2. Characteristic examples;434
50.4;3. Conclusions;438
50.5;Acknowledgment;439
50.6;References;439
51;Hybrid Models for Monitoring & Optimization of Hydrocarbon SeparationEquipment;440
51.1;Abstract;440
51.2;1. Introduction;440
51.3;2. Previous Work;441
51.4;3. Hybrid Model Structure;441
51.5;4. Distillation Tower Example;443
51.6;5. Hybrid Model of an Atmospheric Pipestill;446
51.7;6. Conclusions;448
51.8;References;448
52;Optimal Unloading Procedure for a Mixed Operation of Above-ground and In-ground LNG Storage Tank using DynamicSimulation;450
52.1;Abstract;450
52.2;1. Introduction;450
52.3;2. Theoretical Background;451
52.4;3. Modeling and Simulation;453
52.5;4. Results and discussion;456
52.6;5. Conclusion;456
52.7;References;457
53;Inhibition of Gas Hydrate Formation by Low-dosage, EnvironmentallyBenign Inhibitors;458
53.1;Abstract;458
53.2;1. Introduction;458
53.3;2. Experimental Equipment and Procedure;459
53.4;3. Results and Discussion;462
53.5;3. Future work;465
53.6;References;465
54;Strategies for Mitigating Impacts on LNG Plant Capacity by Variations in AmbientTemperature;468
54.1;Abstract;468
54.2;1. Introduction;468
54.3;2. Main Features of Climate Patterns;469
54.4;3. Mathematical Modeling of Temperature Distribution Functions;470
54.5;4. Common Methods to Mitigate Impacts of Temperature Variations;471
54.6;5. Strategies in Real Applications;474
54.7;6. Conclusions;475
54.8;References;476
55;Environmental Sustainability: Industry-Academia Perspective on FutureTrends;478
55.1;Abstract;478
55.2;1. Introduction;478
55.3;2. Carbon capture and storage: options and challenges;479
55.4;3. Water: A challenge increasing in complexity;480
55.5;4. Energy efficiency: so much more can be done;482
55.6;5. Safety and risk assessment: more important than ever;482
55.7;6. Reliability: achievable or elusive targets?;483
55.8;7. Conclusions;483
55.9;8. Acknowledgements;484
56;Index;486