Berman Creating the Market University

How Academic Science Became an Economic Engine
Course Book
ISBN: 978-1-4008-4047-2
Verlag: De Gruyter
Format: EPUB
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 280 Seiten

When science adopts the logic of the market

American universities today serve as economic engines, performing the scientific research that will create new industries, drive economic growth, and keep the United States globally competitive. But only a few decades ago, these same universities self-consciously held themselves apart from the world of commerce. Creating the Market University is the first book to systematically examine why academic science made such a dramatic move toward the market. Drawing on extensive historical research, Elizabeth Popp Berman shows how the government—influenced by the argument that innovation drives the economy—brought about this transformation.

Americans have a long tradition of making heroes out of their inventors. But before the 1960s and '70s neither policymakers nor economists paid much attention to the critical economic role played by innovation. However, during the late 1970s, a confluence of events—industry concern with the perceived deterioration of innovation in the United States, a growing body of economic research on innovation's importance, and the stagnation of the larger economy—led to a broad political interest in fostering invention. The policy decisions shaped by this change were diverse, influencing arenas from patents and taxes to pensions and science policy, and encouraged practices that would focus specifically on the economic value of academic science. By the early 1980s, universities were nurturing the rapid growth of areas such as biotech entrepreneurship, patenting, and university-industry research centers.

Contributing to debates about the relationship between universities, government, and industry, Creating the Market University sheds light on how knowledge and politics intersect to structure the economy.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Berman, Elizabeth Popp

Fachgebiete

• Sozialwissenschaften Pädagogik Pädagogik Bildungssystem Bildungspolitik, Bildungsreform
• Sozialwissenschaften Politikwissenschaft Regierungspolitik
• Sozialwissenschaften Pädagogik Pädagogik Bildungswesen: Organisation und Verwaltung Ausbildungsfinanzierung, Studienfinanzierung
• Sozialwissenschaften Pädagogik Schulen, Schulleitung Universitäten, Hochschulen
• Sozialwissenschaften Soziologie | Soziale Arbeit Soziologie Allgemein

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Acknowledgments ix

Chapter 1: Academic Science as an Economic Engine 1

The Changing Nature of Academic Science 4

Studying the Changes in Academic Science 8

Explaining the Rise of Market Logic in Academic Science 12

Overview of the Book 17

Chapter 2: Market Logic in the Era of Pure Science 19

Federal Funding and the Support of Science Logic 21

Using Market Logic in the 1950s and 1960s 23

Limits to the Spread of Market Logic 29

The Pillars of the Postwar System Begin to Crumble 35

The Effects of the Dissolving Federal Consensus 37

Chapter 3: Innovation Drives the Economy-an Old Idea with New Implications 40

Market-Logic Practices of the 1970s and Their Limits 42

The Political Power of an Economic Idea 44

The Innovation Frame and the University 55

Chapter 4: Faculty Entrepreneurship in the Biosciences 58

Before Biotech 60

Early Entrepreneurship 63

1978: A Turning Point 69

Academic Entrepreneurship: Money Changes Everything 76

Why Did Bioscience Entrepreneurship Take Off? 87

Chapter 5: Patenting University Inventions 94

University Patenting during the Science-Logic Era 96

Barriers to the Expansion of University Patenting 104

Innovation, the Economy, and Government Patent Policy 106

University Patenting after 1980 111

Why Did University Patenting Take Off? 114

Chapter 6: Creating University-Industry Research Centers 119

UIRCs versus Biotech Entrepreneurship and University Patenting 119

The Trajectory of University-Industry Research Centers 122

The Emergence of Federal and State Support for UIRCs 131

The Expansion of State and Federal Support for UIRCs in the 1980s 139

Why Did University-Industry Research Centers Spread? 141

Chapter 7: The Spread of Market Logic 146

The Expansion of Biotech Entrepreneurship, Patenting, and UIRCs 147

Market Logic Elsewhere in Academic Science 149

University Administrators and the Rhetoric of Innovation 154

Science Logic and Market Logic: An Uneasy Coexistence 156

Chapter 8: Conclusion 158

How Academic Science Became an Economic Engine:Considering the Evidence 159

Reconsidering Alternative Arguments 162

Speaking to Larger Conversations 167

Notes 179

Bibliography 221

Index 261

Über Autor(innen)

Elizabeth Popp Berman is assistant professor of sociology at the University at Albany, State University of New York.