Beyschlag / Büdel / Francis Progress in Botany 72

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-3-642-13145-5
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 396 Seiten

With one volume each year, this series keeps scientists and advanced students informed of the latest developments and results in all areas of the plant sciences.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Beyschlag, Wolfram

Büdel, Burkhard

Francis, Dennis

Lüttge, Ulrich

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Editorial;6
2;Contents;8
3;Contributors;10
4;Part I: Review;13
4.1;Curriculum Vitae;14
4.2;Sixty Years Research with Characean Cells: Fascinating Material for Plant Cell Biology;16
4.2.1;1 Biology as the Major;14
4.2.2;2 Transcellular Osmosis and Polar Water Permeability;19
4.2.2.1;2.1 Hydraulic Conductivity (Lp) Is Affected by the Internal Osmotic Pressure;21
4.2.2.2;2.2 Water Channel;21
4.2.3;3 Artificial Control of the Vacuolar Composition: Vacuolar Perfusion;22
4.2.3.1;3.1 Development of Vacuolar Perfusion Method;22
4.2.3.2;3.2 Osmoregulation of Cells Having Artificial Cell Sap;23
4.2.4;4 Artificial Control of the Cytoplasmic Composition: Tonoplast-Free Cell;24
4.2.5;5 Turgor Regulation in Lamprothamnium, a Brackish Charophyte;25
4.2.5.1;5.1 Energetics of Movements of K+ and Cl- During Turgor Regulation;25
4.2.5.2;5.2 Ca2+ Signal as a Second Messenger in the Hypotonic Turgor Regulation;25
4.2.6;6 Mechanosensing in Fresh-Water Characean Cells;26
4.2.7;7 Salt Tolerance and Ca2+;27
4.2.8;8 Cytoplasmic Streaming and Ca2+;28
4.2.8.1;8.1 Motive Force Measurement;28
4.2.8.2;8.2 Excitation-Cessation Coupling (E-C Coupling);30
4.2.8.3;8.3 Ca2+ as a Key Factor in E-C coupling;30
4.2.8.4;8.4 Nature of the Ca2+ Inhibition of Cytoplasmic Streaming;31
4.2.8.5;8.5 Cell Models as Tools to Study the Structural and Molecular Basis of Cytoplasmic Streaming in Characean Cells;33
4.2.9;9 Electrogenic H+ Pump;34
4.2.9.1;9.1 Light-Induced Potential Change;34
4.2.9.2;9.2 Direct Demonstration of the Electrogenic H+-Pump (H+-ATPase);35
4.2.10;10 Membrane Excitation;36
4.2.10.1;10.1 Tonoplast Action Potential;36
4.2.10.2;10.2 Demonstration of the Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Channel in the Plasma Membrane of Nitellopsis;36
4.2.10.3;10.3 Possible Involvement of Protein Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation in Regulation of Ca2+ Channel Activity;37
4.2.11;11 Vacuolar Functions;38
4.2.12;12 Intercellular Transport of Ions and Photoassimilates;38
4.2.13;References;39
5;Part II: Genetics;46
5.1;Root Apical Meristem Pattern: Hormone Circuitry and Transcriptional Networks;47
5.1.1;1 Introduction;48
5.1.2;2 An Overview of RAM Organization in Plants;48
5.1.3;3 Environmental Cues and RAM Patterning;51
5.1.4;4 Arabidopsis thaliana;53
5.1.4.1;4.1 Morphogenetic Establishment of the RAM During Embryogenesis;53
5.1.4.2;4.2 RAM Pattern;54
5.1.4.3;4.3 Positional Signaling and Genetic Network Operating in Root Patterning;55
5.1.4.3.1;4.3.1 RAM Establishment;57
5.1.4.3.2;4.3.2 RAM Maintenance;61
5.1.5;5 Hormonal Circuitry in Determining RAM Size and Pattern;65
5.1.5.1;5.1 Auxin/Cytokinin Interplay;65
5.1.5.2;5.2 Ethylene, Gibberellin, Abscisic Acid, and Brassinosteroids;68
5.1.6;6 Stem-Cell State and Chromatin Remodelers;70
5.1.7;7 Conclusions and Perspectives;72
5.1.8;References;73
5.2;Evolution, Physiology and Phytochemistry of the Psychotoxic Arable Mimic Weed Darnel (Lolium temulentum L.);82
5.2.1;1 Introduction;83
5.2.2;2 Phylogeny and Evolution of L. temulentum;83
5.2.2.1;2.1 The L. temulentum Genome;83
5.2.2.2;2.2 Molecular Systematics of Lolium;85
5.2.2.3;2.3 Selection of Domestication Traits in L. temulentum;86
5.2.2.4;2.4 The Spread and Perpetuation of L. temulentum in Cereal Grain Stocks;88
5.2.2.5;2.5 Other Lolium spp. Following a Similar Evolutionary Pathway;88
5.2.3;3 Physiology and Biochemistry of L. temulentum;90
5.2.3.1;3.1 A Model for the Study of Photoperiodic Control of Flowering;90
5.2.3.2;3.2 Leaf Development and Senescence in L. temulentum;92
5.2.3.3;3.3 Carbohydrate Metabolism and Carbon Partitioning;94
5.2.3.4;3.4 L. temulentum and Abiotic Stress;97
5.2.4;4 Biotic Interactions and Toxicity of L. temulentum;100
5.2.4.1;4.1 Symptoms of Darnel Poisoning;100
5.2.4.2;4.2 Fungal Endophytes and the Chemistry of Lolium Toxins;101
5.2.4.3;4.3 Darnel and Ergot;102
5.2.4.4;4.4 Other Possible Sources of Toxicity in L. temulentum;103
5.2.5;5 L. temulentum in History and Literature;104
5.2.6;References;106
5.3;``Omics´´ Technologies and Their Input for the Comprehension of Metabolic Systems Particularly Pertaining to Yeast Organisms;114
5.3.1;1 Introduction;115
5.3.2;2 ``Omics´´ Technologies;115
5.3.2.1;2.1 Genomics;116
5.3.2.2;2.2 Functional Genomics;117
5.3.2.2.1;2.2.1 Transcriptomics;118
5.3.2.2.2;2.2.2 Proteomics;122
5.3.2.2.3;2.2.3 Metabolomics;124
5.3.2.3;2.3 Phenomics;125
5.3.3;3 Conclusions;126
5.3.4;References;126
6;Part III: Physiology;132
6.1;Rhizosphere Signals for Plant-Microbe Interactions: Implications for Field-Grown Plants;133
6.1.1;1 Introduction;134
6.1.2;2 Examples for the Roles of Rhizosphere Signals Under Controlled Conditions;135
6.1.2.1;2.1 Plant Signals Regulating Interactions with Soil Microbes;135
6.1.2.1.1;2.1.1 Plant Signals in the Root Nodule Symbiosis;135
6.1.2.1.2;2.1.2 Plant Signals in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis;140
6.1.2.2;2.2 Perception and Response to Microbial Signals by Plants;141
6.1.2.2.1;2.2.1 Nod Factors;141
6.1.2.2.2;2.2.2 The Enigmatic ``Myc´´ Factor;143
6.1.2.2.3;2.2.3 Quorum Sensing Signals: Implications for Plants;144
6.1.2.3;2.3 Plant Interference with Rhizosphere Signals;147
6.1.2.4;2.4 Bacterial Interference with Rhizosphere Signals;148
6.1.2.5;2.5 Adaptation of Signals for Multiple Purposes and Cross-Signaling;149
6.1.3;3 Signaling in Field Rhizospheres;151
6.1.3.1;3.1 Time, Distances, and Diffusivities Determine Chance of Signal Exchange;152
6.1.3.2;3.2 Surfaces and Epitopes for Signal Binding Are Constantly Changing;155
6.1.3.3;3.3 How Do Root Cells Perceive and Respond to the Rhizosphere Microorganism Community?;157
6.1.4;4 Future Approaches;158
6.1.5;References;159
6.2;Impacts of Elevated CO2 on the Growth and Physiology of Plants with Crassulacean Acid Metabolism;170
6.2.1;1 Introduction;171
6.2.2;2 Rising [CO2] and Photosynthesis;171
6.2.3;3 Photosynthesis in CAM Plants Under Elevated [CO2];173
6.2.4;4 Water Use Efficiency of CAM Plants Under Elevated [CO2];174
6.2.5;5 Metabolite Dynamics and Carbohydrate Partitioning in CAM Plants Under Elevated [CO2];175
6.2.5.1;5.1 Organic Acids;175
6.2.5.2;5.2 Storage Carbohydrates;176
6.2.5.3;5.3 Carbohydrate Partitioning;177
6.2.6;6 Morphology and Anatomy of CAM Plants Under Elevated [CO2];180
6.2.7;7 Growth and Biomass Enhancement of CAM Plants Under Elevated [CO2];181
6.2.8;8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives;182
6.2.9;References;183
6.3;Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Analysis of Enzyme Products;189
6.3.1;1 Introduction;190
6.3.2;2 Polyketide Synthase Products;191
6.3.3;3 Oxygenase Products;194
6.3.4;4 Methyltransferase Products;200
6.3.5;5 Glycosyltransferase Products;202
6.3.6;6 Acyltransferase Products;205
6.3.7;7 Terpene Synthase Products;208
6.3.8;8 Conclusions;210
6.3.9;References;211
7;Part IV: Systematics;213
7.1;Phylogeny of Cyanobacteria: An Overview;214
7.1.1;1 Introduction;215
7.1.2;2 Molecular Studies: Problems and Limitations;217
7.1.3;3 Genomic Projects;219
7.1.4;4 Main Lineages;220
7.1.4.1;4.1 Gloeobacter and the Origin of Cyanobacteria;220
7.1.4.2;4.2 Prochlorococcus, Prochlorothrix, and Prochloron;221
7.1.4.3;4.3 Basal Clades;221
7.1.4.4;4.4 Chroococcidiopsis and the Pleurocapsales;222
7.1.4.5;4.5 Heterocyte-Forming Cyanobacteria;223
7.1.5;5 Conclusions;223
7.1.6;References;224
8;Part V: Ecology;230
8.1;Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in Trees: Tools to Study Assimilate Transport and Partitioning and to Assess Physiological Responses Towards the Environment;231
8.1.1;1 Introduction;232
8.1.2;2 Assimilate Fluxes Within Trees and Transfer of Carbon to the Soil: Short-Term Dynamics;233
8.1.2.1;2.1 Tracer Experiments;234
8.1.2.2;2.2 Natural Abundance Techniques;236
8.1.3;3 Postphotosynthetic Isotope Fractionation;240
8.1.4;4 Isotope Archives;244
8.1.5;5 Conclusions;247
8.1.6;References;247
8.2;Appropriate Use of Genetic Manipulation for the Development of Restoration Plant Materials;253
8.2.1;1 Use of Natural and Genetically Manipulated Plant Materials;254
8.2.2;2 Development of Genetically Manipulated Plant Materials;256
8.2.3;3 Responses to Seven Common Objections to Genetically Manipulated Plant Materials;258
8.2.3.1;3.1 Objection: Manipulated Plant Materials Are Not Genetically Appropriate;258
8.2.3.2;3.2 Objection: Nonlocal Material May Result in Outbreeding Depression Upon Hybridization with Remnant Indigenous Material;259
8.2.3.3;3.3 Objection: Broad-Based Plant Materials Themselves Are Subject to Outbreeding Depression;261
8.2.3.4;3.4 Objection: Manipulated Plant Materials Are Too Well Adapted;261
8.2.3.5;3.5 Objection: Manipulated Plant Materials Are Poorly Adapted;262
8.2.3.6;3.6 Objection: Manipulated Plant Materials Developed via Hybridization Have Too Much Genetic Variation;264
8.2.3.7;3.7 Objection: Cultivars Have Inadequate Levels of Genetic Variation;265
8.2.4;4 Conclusion;266
8.2.5;References;266
8.3;Photosynthesis and Stomatal Behaviour;269
8.3.1;1 Introduction;270
8.3.1.1;1.1 Stomatal Function, Plant Productivity and Water Use Efficiency;271
8.3.2;2 Stomata Responses to Environmental Parameters;273
8.3.2.1;2.1 Stomatal Responses to CO2 Concentration;273
8.3.2.2;2.2 Stomatal Responses to Light;275
8.3.2.3;2.3 Temperature Response of Stomata;276
8.3.2.4;2.4 Stomatal Responses Under Fluctuating Environmental Conditions;277
8.3.2.5;2.5 Night Time Stomatal Conductance;280
8.3.3;3 Stomatal Interactions with Photosynthesis;280
8.3.3.1;3.1 Photosynthetic Pathways and Stomatal Function;280
8.3.3.2;3.2 Correlation Between Stomatal Conductance and Photosynthetic Capacity;283
8.3.3.2.1;3.2.1 Evidence for and Against a Mesophyll Driven Signal;283
8.3.3.3;3.3 Involvement of Guard Cell Photosynthesis in Stomatal Responses;285
8.3.3.4;3.4 Sucrose as Signal Between Photosynthesis and Stomatal Behaviour;286
8.3.3.5;3.5 ROS Signalling in Stomata and Relationship with Photosynthesis;287
8.3.3.6;3.6 Role for Respiration;288
8.3.4;4 Environmental Control of Stomatal Development and the Role of Photosynthesis;289
8.3.4.1;4.1 The Genetic Pathway of Stomatal Development;289
8.3.4.2;4.2 Interaction Between Stomatal Development Genes and Environmental Signals;290
8.3.4.3;4.3 Systemic Signals and Control of Stomatal Density in Response to the Environment;291
8.3.4.4;4.4 Hydraulic Conductance Correlates with Stomatal Behaviour;292
8.3.5;5 Stomatal Manipulation to Improve Water Use Efficiency;293
8.3.6;6 Scaling-Up: From Leaf to Canopy;295
8.3.7;7 Conclusion;297
8.3.8;References;297
8.4;Impacts of Ultraviolet Radiation on Interactions Between Plants and Herbivorous Insects: A Chemo-Ecological Perspective;309
8.4.1;1 Introduction;310
8.4.2;2 UV Perception and Responses of Plants;311
8.4.2.1;2.1 UV-B Stress Responses of Plants;311
8.4.2.2;2.2 Photomorphogenic Plant Responses to UV;312
8.4.3;3 Investigation Methods of UV Impacts on Plant-Insect Interactions;313
8.4.3.1;3.1 Supplemental UV;313
8.4.3.2;3.2 Selective UV Exclusion;314
8.4.4;4 Effects of UV on Plant Chemistry and Plant-Insect Interactions;315
8.4.4.1;4.1 Epicuticular Waxes;315
8.4.4.2;4.2 Phytohormones;317
8.4.4.3;4.3 Proteinase Inhibitors;319
8.4.4.4;4.4 Phenolic Compounds;319
8.4.4.4.1;4.4.1 Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives;320
8.4.4.4.2;4.4.2 Flavonoids;320
8.4.4.4.3;4.4.3 Tannins;329
8.4.4.4.4;4.4.4 Lignins;330
8.4.4.4.5;4.4.5 Furanocoumarins;330
8.4.4.5;4.5 Alkaloids;331
8.4.4.5.1;4.5.1 Glucosinolates;332
8.4.4.5.2;4.5.2 Camalexin;333
8.4.4.5.3;4.5.3 Nicotine;334
8.4.4.5.4;4.5.4 Polyamines;334
8.4.4.6;4.6 Terpenoids;334
8.4.4.6.1;4.6.1 Iridoid Glycosides;335
8.4.4.6.2;4.6.2 Volatile Organic Compounds;336
8.4.5;5 Direct Effects of UV on Herbivores and Their Natural Enemies;337
8.4.6;6 Conclusions and Outlook;338
8.4.7;References;341
8.5;Space as a Resource;352
8.5.1;1 Introduction: Space-Niche-Resource;353
8.5.1.1;1.1 ``Empty´´ Space;353
8.5.1.2;1.2 Space and Niche;354
8.5.1.3;1.3 Space and Resource;354
8.5.1.4;1.4 Is Space in Itself a Resource?;355
8.5.2;2 Competition for Resources: Space Occupation and Exploitation;355
8.5.2.1;2.1 Aboveground Competition for Light;355
8.5.2.1.1;2.1.1 Steady-State Situation;355
8.5.2.1.1.1;Cost-Benefit Relations;355
8.5.2.1.1.2;Cost-Efficient Strategies in Competition for Space: Epiphytes, Lianas, and Stranglers;357
8.5.2.1.2;2.1.2 Dynamic Situation: The Dimension of Time;359
8.5.2.2;2.2 Belowground Competition for Water and Nutrients;360
8.5.3;3 Sharing the Space: Facilitation;362
8.5.3.1;3.1 Importance of Facilitation Relative to Competition;362
8.5.3.2;3.2 Examples for Facilitation;363
8.5.3.2.1;3.2.1 Hydraulic Redistribution;363
8.5.3.2.2;3.2.2 Vegetation Islands;363
8.5.3.2.3;3.2.3 Epiphyte Nests;364
8.5.3.3;3.3 Applied Facilitation: Exotic Forest Plantations and Regeneration of Native Vegetation;364
8.5.4;4 Synthesis;366
8.5.5;References;368
8.6;Photorespiration in Phase III of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: Evolutionary and Ecophysiological Implications;374
8.6.1;1 Introduction: Conserved Early Properties of Ribulose-Bis-Phosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase and the Evolution of Photorespiratio;375
8.6.2;2 Evolution of RubisCO Specificity and Carbon Concentrating Mechanisms;376
8.6.3;3 Oxidative Stress, Antioxidative Reactions, and Photorespiration in CAM Plants;377
8.6.4;4 O2 Concentrating and Photorespiration in Phase III of CAM;378
8.6.5;5 Calculation of vO2 vCO2 of RubisCO for C3-Photosynthesisand Phase III of CAM;379
8.6.6;6 Concomitant Measurements of CO2 and O2 Gas Exchange;384
8.6.7;7 Evaluation of Assumptions;384
8.6.8;8 Conclusions and Outlook;385
8.6.9;References;386
9;Index;388