Biocompatible Polymeric Materials and Tourniquets for Wounds

1. Auflage 2010
ISBN: 978-1-4419-6586-8
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 184 Seiten

In recent years biocompatible polymers for injuries and wounds have seen advances and innovations that have outpaced the growing field's literature. In this book Dr. Jan W. Gooch, a National Research Council Research Associateship Award recipient, reveals how innovative polymer technology can be applied to the common combat and trauma wounds associated with damaged soft tissue and bleeding. The scope of his investigation spans four distinct devices for wounds, liquid and particulate barrier dressings for soft tissue wounds, sutureless tissue adhesives, antibacterial nanoemulsions, one-hand operated and automatic tourniquets for the battlefield.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface;6
1.1;Level I;7
1.2;Level II;7
1.3;Level III;7
1.4;Level IV;7
1.5;Level V;8
2;Acknowledgements;10
3;Contents;12
4;Acronyms and Abbreviations;16
5;Chapter 1: Scope, Objectives, and Summary of Investigations;18
5.1;1.1 Scope and Objectives;18
5.2;1.2 Summary of Results;18
5.2.1;1.2.1 Barrier Dressing for Wounds;19
5.2.2;1.2.2 Bacteria Permeability of Dressing Materials;20
5.2.3;1.2.3 Antibacterial Aqueous Emulsions;21
5.2.4;1.2.4 One-Handed and Automatic Tourniquets;22
6;Chapter 2: Barrier Dressings for Wounds;23
6.1;2.1 Introduction;23
6.1.1;2.1.1 Disinfection Fundamentals;30
6.1.2;2.1.2 Antimicrobial Agents and Disinfection;32
6.1.3;2.1.3 Mechanisms and Kinetics of Disinfection;32
6.1.3.1;2.1.3.1 Proteins;32
6.1.3.2;2.1.3.2 Membranes;33
6.1.3.3;2.1.3.3 Other Reactions;33
6.2;2.2 Solvent-Based Polymer Barrier Dressings;33
6.2.1;2.2.1 Preparation;33
6.2.2;2.2.2 Formulation of Solvent-Based Dressings;34
6.2.3;2.2.3 Results of Testing Barrier Dressings on Rats;34
6.3;2.3 Polyacrylate Miniemulsions and Nonaqueous Suspensions;35
6.3.1;2.3.1 Miniemulsions;35
6.3.1.1;2.3.1.1 Preparation;37
6.3.1.2;2.3.1.2 Testing on Rats;40
6.3.2;2.3.2 Nonaqueous Suspensions;40
6.3.2.1;2.3.2.1 Preparation;41
6.3.2.2;2.3.2.2 Barrier Dressing Formulation;41
6.3.2.3;2.3.2.3 Testing on Rats;41
6.4;2.4 Cyanoacrylate;43
6.4.1;2.4.1 Technical Discussion;43
6.4.1.1;2.4.1.1 Results of Testing on Rats;48
6.5;2.5 Particulate Applied Barrier Dressing;48
6.5.1;2.5.1 Introduction;48
6.5.2;2.5.2 Copolymer Chemistry;49
6.5.3;2.5.3 Solution Polymers;50
6.5.4;2.5.4 Super Absorbent Fibers;50
6.5.5;2.5.5 Uses;50
6.5.6;2.5.6 Applications;51
6.5.7;2.5.7 Preparation;54
6.5.8;2.5.8 Reactive Mechanism;54
6.5.9;2.5.9 Dressing Preservative Agents;55
6.5.10;2.5.10 Results of Testing Barrier Dressing on Excised Rats;55
6.5.11;2.5.11 Reason for Failure to Provide Barrier Properties;57
6.6;2.6 Physical Properties of Barrier Dressing Materials;64
6.6.1;2.6.1 Results of Testing Barrier Dressings on Agar Plates;64
6.6.2;2.6.2 Surface Energy;65
6.6.3;2.6.3 Water Vapor Transmission;67
6.6.4;2.6.4 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis;69
6.6.5;2.6.5 Adhesion to Tissue;74
6.6.6;2.6.6 Removability of Barrier Dressing from Wounds;74
6.7;2.7 Bacteria Permeability of Dressings;76
6.8;2.8 Preservative and Antimicrobial Agents;81
6.9;2.9 Optimal Properties of Barrier Dressings;85
6.10;References;86
7;Chapter 3: Tissue Adhesives;88
7.1;3.1 Introduction;88
7.2;3.2 Photopolymerizable Adhesives;89
7.2.1;3.2.1 Soft Gels;89
7.2.2;3.2.2 Hard Gels;93
7.3;3.3 Multicomponent Bonding Adhesives;94
7.3.1;3.3.1 Albumin/Glutaraldehyde Adhesive;94
7.3.2;3.3.2 Fibrin Glue;94
7.4;3.4 Single-Component Bonding Adhesives;95
7.4.1;3.4.1 Hydrogels;95
7.4.2;3.4.2 Dendrimers;95
7.4.3;3.4.3 Cyanoacrylate;96
7.4.4;3.4.4 Emulsion Polymerized Gel Adhesives;96
7.5;3.5 Review of Sutureless Adhesives from Literature;97
7.6;3.6 Testing the Bonding Properties on Soft Tissue;97
7.7;3.7 Summary of Tissue Bonding Adhesives;102
7.8;References;104
7.9;Further Reading;104
8;Chapter 4: Antibacterial Aqueous Emulsions;105
8.1;4.1 Introduction;105
8.1.1;4.1.1 Literature;106
8.1.2;4.1.2 Patents;109
8.1.3;4.1.3 Preparation of Emsulsions;110
8.2;4.2 Testing Plan: Standard Sporicidal and Antibacterial Methods;111
8.2.1;4.2.1 Kirby-Bauer Plate Test (Disk Sensitivity Method);111
8.2.2;4.2.2 Baker Suspension Test (Adapted);113
8.3;4.3 Results of Testing;113
8.3.1;4.3.1 Kirby-Bauer Plates (Disk Sensitivity) Method;113
8.3.2;4.3.2 Baker Suspension (Dilution) Method;114
8.4;4.4 Novel Antimicrobial Emulsions and Particulate Formulations;116
8.4.1;4.4.1 Emulsification of Fatty Acids;116
8.4.2;4.4.2 Emulsified Fatty Acids and Antimicrobial Activity;117
8.4.3;4.4.3 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action;120
8.4.4;4.4.4 Urea Hydrogen Peroxide;124
8.5;4.5 Summary;127
8.6;References;128
9;Chapter 5: One-Hand Operated and Automatic Tourniquet;130
9.1;5.1 Introduction;130
9.2;5.2 Fundamentals of Tourniquet Technology;133
9.3;5.3 Critical Properties of a Combat Tourniquet;139
9.4;5.4 One-Hand Operated and Automatic Tourniquets for the Battlefield;147
9.5;5.5 Automatic Occlusion Pressure Controller;154
9.6;5.6 Summary;161
9.7;References;162
9.8;Recommended Literature;162
10;Appendices;164
10.1;Appendix A: Statistical Tests;164
10.1.1;Introduction;164
10.1.2;Chi (.) and Chi-Square (.2) Probability Distributions;164
10.1.3;Chi-Square Tests;166
10.1.4;Chi-Square Test of Independence;168
10.1.5;Fisher’s Exact Test;170
10.1.6;Multiple Studies: Bonferroni’s Correction;172
10.1.7;References;172
10.2;Appendix B: Phenol Coefficient;173
10.3;References;173
10.4;Appendix C: Antimicrobial Activity and Resistance;174
10.4.1;Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action;174
10.5;Appendix D: Halogens and Solutions for Disinfection;179
10.5.1;Elementary Chlorine;179
10.5.2;Atomic Chlorine;180
10.5.3;Chemical Properties;180
10.5.4;Hypohalous Acids, (H–O–X);182
10.5.5;References;182
10.6;Appendix E: Tourniquet Testing Protocol;183
10.7;Appendix F: One Hand Operated Cinch-Buckle Assembly and Details;183
10.8;Reference;183
10.9;Appendix G: Tourniquet Engineering Drawings;187
10.10;References;189
11;Index;191