Bissonette / Storch Temporal Dimensions of Landscape Ecology

Wildlife Responses to Variable Resources
1. Auflage 2007
ISBN: 978-0-387-45447-4
Verlag: Springer US
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: 1 - PDF Watermark

E-Book, Englisch, 284 Seiten

In this book, the authors discuss the effects that temporal changes in resources have on animal populations. The chapters address the idea of current as well as historical temporal influences on resource availability, quality, and distribution. The authors draw attention to the neglected temporal issues so important to understanding species and community responses. International contributions enable worldwide application of the theories.

John A. Bissonette is a research scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey, and is a professor in the College of Natural Resources at Utah State University. Ilse Storch is professor of wildlife ecology and management at the University of Freiburg, Germany.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bissonette, John A.

Storch, Ilse

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Contents;5
2;List of Contributors;7
3;Introduction;10
3.1;Time as a Discontinuity;11
3.2;The Structure of This Book;13
3.3;Objectives;16
3.4;References;16
4;Relevant Temporal Theory;19
4.1;Resource Acquisition and Animal Response in Dynamic Landscapes;20
4.1.1;1.1. Introduction;20
4.1.2;1.2. Basic Organism Needs Get Complicated;22
4.1.3;1.3. Temporal Discontinuities;22
4.1.4;1.4. Temporal Explicitness;23
4.1.5;1.5. Two Important Distinctions;24
4.1.6;1.6. Resource Quality: Keeping the Books;27
4.1.6.1;1.6.1. Ecological Stoichiometry: Another Currency;28
4.1.6.2;1.6.2. Resource Quality and Population Response;29
4.1.6.3;1.6.3. Different Predictions;30
4.1.6.4;1.6.4. Global Warming: An Added Complication;31
4.1.7;1.7. Conclusions: The Truth Is Always Beyond the Perception of Truth;32
4.1.8;References;33
4.2;Pulsed Resources and Community Responses;37
4.2.1;2.1. Introduction;37
4.2.2;2.2. The Resource;39
4.2.3;2.3. The Principal Consumer;40
4.2.4;2.4. Synergies Between Resource and Consumer;42
4.2.5;2.5. A Case Study System;42
4.2.6;2.6. Conclusions;47
4.2.7;References;47
4.3;Invoking the Ghosts of Landscapes Past to Understand the Landscape Ecology of the Present . . . and the Future;50
4.3.1;3.1. Introduction;50
4.3.2;3.2. Legacy Effects of Landscape Change;53
4.3.3;3.3. Of Time Lags and Extinction Debts;55
4.3.4;3.4. Management and Conservation Implications of Landscape Ghosts;58
4.3.5;3.5. Ghost-Busting and the Exorcism of Landscapes;60
4.3.5.1;3.5.1. How Can We Detect Lagged Responses to Land Use?;60
4.3.5.2;3.5.2. What Types of Species Are Most Likely to Exhibit Lagged Responses to Landscape Change?;60
4.3.5.3;3.5.3. When are Time Lags to Landscape Change to be Expected?;61
4.3.5.4;3.5.4. Can we Ever Hope to Exorcise the Ghosts of Landscapes Past?;61
4.3.6;References;63
4.4;Modeling Adaptive Behavior in Event- Driven Environments;66
4.4.1;4.1. Introduction;66
4.4.2;4.2. Individual-Based Ecology;68
4.4.3;4.3. Individual-Based Models for Event-Driven Environments: Examples;71
4.4.3.1;4.3.1. Coastal Bird IBMS;71
4.4.3.2;4.3.2. History of Coastal Bird IBMs;72
4.4.3.3;4.3.3. Applications of Coastal Bird IBMs;75
4.4.3.4;4.3.4. Lessons from Coastal Bird IBMs and Future Developments;77
4.4.4;4.4. Other Examples;78
4.4.5;4.5. Discussion;79
4.4.6;References;81
4.5;Temporal Scaling in Complex Systems;85
4.5.1;5.1. Introduction;86
4.5.2;5.2. Methods ;87
4.5.2.1;5.2.1. Process Frequencies;87
4.5.2.2;5.2.2. Biotic Variability;88
4.5.3;5.3. Results ;89
4.5.3.1;5.3.1. Process Frequencies;89
4.5.3.2;5.3.2. Biotic Variability;91
4.5.4;5.4. Discussion;92
4.5.5;References;94
5;Statistics of Time;97
5.1;Using Statistical Models to Study Temporal Dynamics of Animal- Landscape Relations;98
5.1.1;6.1. Introduction;98
5.1.2;6.2. Objectives;99
5.1.3;6.3. Assessing Temporal Variation in Animal-Landscape Relations Using Independent Observations ;101
5.1.3.1;6.3.1. Independent Data in Landscape Studies;101
5.1.3.2;6.3.2. Interaction Effects;101
5.1.3.3;6.3.3. Example of SAS Code and Results;102
5.1.4;6.4. Assessing Temporal Variation in Animal-Landscape Relations Using Dependent Observations ;104
5.1.4.1;6.4.1. Repeated-Measures Data in Landscape Studies;104
5.1.4.2;6.4.2. Statistical Nature of Repeated-Measures Data;105
5.1.4.3;6.4.3. Advantages of Using Mixed Models to Analyze Repeated- Measures Data;105
5.1.4.4;6.4.4. Temporally Dependent Observations, Equally Spaced in Time;106
5.1.4.5;6.4.5. Temporally Dependent Observations, Unequally Spaced in Time;116
5.1.4.6;6.4.6. Temporally and Spatially Dependent Observations, Two Dimensions;117
5.1.4.7;6.4.7. Temporally and Spatially Dependent Observations, Three Dimensions;118
5.1.4.8;6.4.8. Summary of Mixed Models for Repeated Measures;119
5.1.4.9;6.4.9. Additional Information About Mixed Models;120
5.1.5;6.5. Conclusions;121
5.1.6;References;121
5.2;Multivariate Landscape Trajectory Analysis;124
5.2.1;7.1. Introduction ;125
5.2.1.1;7.1.1. Patterns and Processes Through Space and Time;125
5.2.1.2;7.1.2. Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics: A Conceptual Framework;125
5.2.1.3;7.1.3. Trajectory Analysis Approach;126
5.2.2;7.2. Demonstration and Application;131
5.2.2.1;7.2.1. Methods;131
5.2.2.2;7.2.2. Results;135
5.2.3;7.3. Discussion;142
5.2.4;References;144
6;Temporally Focused Case Studies;146
6.1;Assessing Grouse Habitats in the Alps;147
6.1.1;8.1. Introduction;148
6.1.2;8.2. Material and Methods;149
6.1.2.1;8.2.1. Study Area;149
6.1.2.2;8.2.2. Capercaillie Population Abundance;150
6.1.2.3;8.2.3. Capercaillie Habitat Evaluation;150
6.1.2.4;8.2.4. Analyses;150
6.1.3;8.3. Results;151
6.1.4;8.4. Discussion;153
6.1.4.1;8.4.1. Implications for Land Use Planning and Conservation;155
6.1.5;References;157
6.2;Exploring the Temporal Effects of Seasonal Water Availability on the Snail Kite of Florida;159
6.2.1;9.1. Introduction;159
6.2.2;9.2. Methodology ;161
6.2.2.1;9.2.1. Description of the Snail Kite Model;161
6.2.2.2;9.2.2. Description of Simulation Scenarios;164
6.2.3;9.3. Results;168
6.2.3.1;9.3.1. Scenario 1;168
6.2.3.2;9.3.2. Scenario 2;169
6.2.3.3;9.3.3. Scenario 3;170
6.2.3.4;9.3.4. Scenario 4;170
6.2.4;9.4. Discussion;172
6.2.4.1;9.4.1. Drought Frequencies;172
6.2.4.2;9.4.2. Drought Duration;173
6.2.4.3;9.4.3. Limits of the Everkite Model and Perspective for Future Developments;173
6.2.5;9.5. Conclusions and Conservation Implications;174
6.2.6;References;176
6.3;Three Axes of Ecological Studies;178
6.3.1;10.1. Introduction ;178
6.3.1.1;10.1.1. Three Axes of Ecological Studies;178
6.3.1.2;10.1.2. Implications for Study Design;181
6.3.2;10.2. Temporal Scale in Landscape Ecology;181
6.3.2.1;10.2.1. Incorrect Selection of Temporal Extent;182
6.3.2.2;10.2.2. Incorrect Selection of Temporal Grain;182
6.3.3;10.3. Habitat Quality and Black Bears;184
6.3.3.1;10.3.1. Understanding How Timber Harvesting Affects Habitat Quality;184
6.3.3.2;10.3.2. Temporal Availability of Soft Mast and Hard Mast Within Clear- Cuts;185
6.3.3.3;10.3.3. Demographic Response of Bears;186
6.3.4;10.4. Synthesizing Results Using Hierarchy Theory;190
6.3.4.1;10.4.1. Defining Hierarchical Organization for Black Bears;191
6.3.5;10.5. Conclusion;194
6.3.6;References;195
6.4;Building and Using Habitat Models for Assessing Temporal Changes in Forest Ecosystems;199
6.4.1;11.1. Introduction;199
6.4.2;11.2. Habitat Types: Ecological Classification Systems to Characterize Spatial and Temporal Variation;202
6.4.2.1;11.2.1. Methods of Constructing Habitat-Type Classification Systems;203
6.4.3;11.3. Case Studies ;204
6.4.3.1;11.3.1. Modeling Spatial and Temporal Distributions of White-Tailed Deer Habitat;204
6.4.3.2;11.3.2. Understanding Temporal Variation in Aspen Forests To Assess Management: Effects on Timber Production and Wildlife Habitat;206
6.4.3.3;11.3.3. Determining Spatial and Temporal Changes in Lynx Habitat;212
6.4.4;11.4. Implications of Understanding Temporal Changes in Forest Ecosystems;217
6.4.5;References;218
6.5;Foraging Responses of the Endangered Gouldian Finch to Temporal Differences in Seed Availability in Northern Australian Savanna Grasslands;222
6.5.1;12.1. Introduction;222
6.5.1.1;12.1.1. Description of Species and Taxonomic Affinities;223
6.5.1.2;12.1.2. History of the Decline;223
6.5.1.3;12.1.3. Research History;224
6.5.1.4;12.1.4. Climate;224
6.5.1.5;12.1.5. Topography;225
6.5.1.6;12.1.6. Flora;226
6.5.1.7;12.1.7. Fire Behavior;226
6.5.2;12.2. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Resources ;227
6.5.2.1;12.2.1. Rainfall;227
6.5.2.2;12.2.2. Drinking Water;227
6.5.2.3;12.2.3. Grasses and Feeding Resources;228
6.5.3;12.3. Gouldian Finch Habitat Usage ;232
6.5.3.1;12.3.1. Wet Season;232
6.5.3.2;12.3.2. Dry Season;234
6.5.4;12.4. Discussion;234
6.5.5;References;237
6.6;Spending Time in the Forest;240
6.6.1;13.1. Introduction;240
6.6.2;13.2. Methods ;242
6.6.2.1;13.2.1. Study Sites;242
6.6.2.2;13.2.2. Point Counts;243
6.6.2.3;13.2.3. Habitat Measurements;244
6.6.2.4;13.2.4. Data Analyses: Temporal Trends;244
6.6.3;13.3. Results ;245
6.6.3.1;13.3.1. Temporal Trends in Resource Availability;245
6.6.3.2;13.3.2. Temporal Trends in Species Abundance at Point Counts;245
6.6.3.3;13.3.3. Trends in Community-Level Measures;249
6.6.4;13.4. Discussion;250
6.6.5;References;253
6.7;Niche Opportunities and Introduced Birds;256
6.7.1;14.1. Introduction ;256
6.7.1.1;14.1.1. Why Do Some Introduced Species Increase Spectacularly?;256
6.7.1.2;14.1.2. Successful Introduced Bird Species in New Zealand;257
6.7.1.3;14.1.3. Relevant Hypotheses;257
6.7.2;14.2. Methods ;258
6.7.2.1;14.2.1. Breeding Yellowhammers;258
6.7.2.2;14.2.2. Wintering Yellowhammers and Skylarks and their Seed- Food Resources;259
6.7.3;14.3. Results ;261
6.7.3.1;14.3.1. Breeding Yellowhammers;261
6.7.3.2;14.3.2. Wintering Yellowhammers and Skylarks and their Seed- Food Resources;263
6.7.4;14.4. Discussion ;265
6.7.4.1;14.4.1. Breeding Yellowhammers;265
6.7.4.2;14.4.2. Wintering Yellowhammers and Skylarks and their Seed- Food Resources;266
6.7.5;14.5. Conclusions;269
6.7.6;References;270
7;About the Contributors;273
8;Index;282