Bittnar / Nemecek / Smilauer Nanotechnology in Construction

Proceedings of the NICOM3
1. Auflage 2009
ISBN: 978-3-642-00980-8
Verlag: Springer
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 437 Seiten

The 3rd International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Construction (NICOM 3) follows the highly successful NICOM 1 (Paisley, UK 2003) and NICOM 2 (Bilbao, Spain 2005) Symposia. The NICOM3 symposium was held in Prague, Czech Republic from May 31 to June 2, 2009 under the auspices of the Czech Technical University in Prague. It was a cross-disciplinary event, bringing together R&D experts and users from different fields all with interest in nanotechnology and construction. The conference was aimed at:

• Understanding of internal structures of existing construction materials at nano-scale
• Modification at nano-scale of existing construction materials.
• Production and properties of nanoparticulate materials, nanotubes and novel polymers.
• Modeling and simulation of nanostructures.
• Instrumentation, techniques and metrology at nano-scale.
• Health and safety issues and environmental impacts related to nanotechnology during research, manufacture and product use. Review of current legislation.
• Societal and commercial impacts of nanotechnology in construction, their predictions and analysis.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Bittnar, Zdenek

Nemecek, Jiri

Smilauer, V.

Zeman, J.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Title Page;2
2;Preface;5
3;Organization;7
4;Contents;9
5;Plenary Papers;9
5.1;Potential Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Nanomaterials Used in the Construction Industry;15
5.1.1;Introduction;15
5.1.2;Applications of Nanomaterials in Construction;16
5.1.3;Environmental Release and Exposure Scenarios;18
5.1.4;Toxicity of Nanomaterials;20
5.1.5;Critical Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs;22
5.1.6;References;23
5.2;Nanotechnology in Construction: A Roadmap for Development;29
5.2.1;Introduction;29
5.2.2;Routes and Pathways;31
5.2.3;Benchmarks and Timescale;32
5.2.4;Vehicles, Drivers;33
5.2.5;Business Environment;34
5.2.6;Roadmap and Charts;35
5.2.7;Specimen Charts;37
5.2.7.1;{\it Chart 1: Traditional Bulk Construction Materials};37
5.2.7.2;{\it Chart 2: Buildings of Future};37
5.2.7.3;{\it Chart 3: Novel Construction Materials};39
5.2.8;Conclusions;39
5.2.9;References;40
5.3;The Colloid/Nanogranular Nature of Cement Paste and Properties;41
5.3.1;Microstructure;41
5.3.2;A Case for the Colloid/Granular Approach;42
5.3.2.1;{\it Water in the Smallest Pores};43
5.3.2.2;{\it The Water Sorption Isotherm – A Dilemma and the Role of Disjoining Pressure on Drying Shrinkage};44
5.3.3;Grains and Irreversible Flow;46
5.3.3.1;{\it Irreversible Drying Shrinkage};47
5.3.3.2;{\it Creep};47
5.3.3.3;{\it Creep, Recovery and Drying};48
5.3.4;Thoughts on Design of Concrete and Concluding Remarks;49
5.3.5;References;50
5.4;Nanotechnology and Cementitious Materials;51
5.4.1;Introduction;51
5.4.2;Context of Cementitious Materials;52
5.4.3;Progress in Nanoscience of Cementitious Materials;53
5.4.4;Impact of Nanoscience on Technology of Cementitious Materials;54
5.4.5;The Future;55
5.4.6;References;56
5.5;Probing Nano-structure of C-S-H by Micro-mechanics Based Indentation Techniques;57
5.5.1;Introduction;57
5.5.2;Micromechanics-Based NanoIndentation Techniques;59
5.5.2.1;{\it Does Particle Shape Matter? [32]};59
5.5.2.2;{\it Micromechanics-Based Scaling Functions [34-35]};60
5.5.2.3;{\it Implementation for Back-Analysis of Packing Density [28]};61
5.5.3;Packing Density Distributions of C-S-H;61
5.5.4;Concluding Remarks;65
5.5.5;References;65
6;Keynote Papers;9
6.1;Innovative Building Material – Reduction of Air Pollution through TioCem$^{®}$;68
6.1.1;Pollution in the Urban Environment;68
6.1.2;Resolutions for the Reduction of Pollutants;69
6.1.3;Photocatalytic Activity of Concrete Surface;69
6.1.4;Practical Applications;72
6.1.5;TX Active$^{®}$ – Tried and Tested Quality;73
6.1.6;Outlook;73
6.1.7;References;74
6.2;Nanomechanical Explorations of Cementitious Materials: Recent Results and Future Perspectives;75
6.2.1;Introduction;75
6.2.2;Nanomechanics of C-S-H;76
6.2.3;Advancements on Instrumented Nanoindentation;78
6.2.4;Concluding Remarks;79
6.2.5;References;80
6.3;Developments in Metrology in Support of Nanotechnology;82
6.3.1;Introduction;82
6.3.2;NRC Metrology for Nanotechnology Program Components;83
6.3.2.1;{\it Nanoimprint Lithography};83
6.3.2.2;{\it Metrological Atomic Force Microscope};86
6.3.2.3;{\it Interfacial Force Microscope};87
6.3.2.4;{\it Characterization of Soft Materials};88
6.3.3;Conclusions;90
6.3.4;References;90
6.4;Concrete Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Definitions and Applications;92
6.4.1;Introduction - The Need for Research;92
6.4.2;The Unique Material - Concrete;93
6.4.3;Advances in Material Characterization to Be Used;95
6.4.4;Advances in Models Needed;95
6.4.5;An Example - Doubling the Service Life of Concrete;96
6.4.6;Some Possibly Fruitful Areas for NNC;96
6.4.7;Summary and Conclusions;97
6.4.8;References;98
6.5;Continuum Microviscoelasticity Model for Cementitious Materials: Upscaling Technique and First Experimental Validation;100
6.5.1;Fundamentals of Continuum Micromechanics;100
6.5.2;Continuum Microviscoelasticity Model for Concrete;101
6.5.3;Model Validation;102
6.5.4;References;103
6.6;Production, Properties and End-Uses of Nanofibres;105
6.6.1;Introduction;105
6.6.2;Properties of Nanofibres and Nanofibre Layers;107
6.6.3;Examples of Nanofibre End-Uses;108
6.6.4;References;109
6.7;The Fractal Ratio as a Metric of Nanostructure Development in Hydrating Cement Paste;110
6.7.1;Introduction;110
6.7.2;Experimental Approach;112
6.7.3;Results;113
6.7.4;Conclusions;114
6.7.5;References;115
6.8;A Review of the Analysis of Cement Hydration Kinetics via 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance;116
6.8.1;Introduction;116
6.8.2;Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Technique;117
6.8.3;Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to Cement-Based Materials;117
6.8.4;Application of $^{1}$H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to Early Age Cement Hydration;118
6.8.5;Proposed Application of $^{1]H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to Internal Curing;118
6.8.6;Conclusion;120
6.8.7;References;120
6.9;Analysing and Manipulating the Nanostructure of Geopolymers;122
6.9.1;Introduction;122
6.9.2;Materials and Methods;123
6.9.3;Results and Discussion;123
6.9.3.1;{\it Seeded Nucleation};123
6.9.3.2;{\it Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy};124
6.9.4;Conclusions;126
6.9.5;References;126
6.10;Nanotechnology Applications for Sustainable Cement-Based Products;128
6.10.1;Introduction;128
6.10.2;Controlled Release of Admixtures;129
6.10.3;C-S-H and C-S-H Composites;130
6.10.4;Concluding Remarks;132
6.10.5;References;132
6.11;Nanoscale Modification of Cementitious Materials;134
6.11.1;Introduction;134
6.11.2;Experimental Details;135
6.11.3;Results and Discussion;136
6.11.4;Conclusions;138
6.11.5;References;139
6.12;Progress in Nanoscale Studies of Hydrogen Reactions in Construction Materials;140
6.12.1;Introduction;141
6.12.2;Experimental Approach;141
6.12.3;Cement Measurements;142
6.12.4;Fly Ash Measurements;144
6.12.5;Hydrogen Embrittlement Measurements;145
6.12.6;Conclusions;146
6.12.7;References;146
6.13;Engineering of SiO$_{2}$ Nanoparticles for Optimal Performance in Nano Cement-Based Materials;148
6.13.1;Introduction;148
6.13.2;Methods to Produce Nanomaterials;150
6.13.3;Concrete with Nanoparticles;151
6.13.4;Design and Performance of Nano-SiO$_{2}$;152
6.13.5;Concluding Remarks;154
6.13.6;References;156
7;Regular Papers;11
7.1;Improving the Performance of Heat Insulation Polyurethane Foams by Silica Nanoparticles;158
7.1.1;Introduction;158
7.1.2;Experimental;159
7.1.2.1;{\it Materials and Apparatus};159
7.1.2.2;{\it Sample Preparation};160
7.1.3;Result and Discussions;161
7.1.3.1;{\it Monotoring of Modification Process};161
7.1.3.2;{\it Thermomechanical Studies};161
7.1.4;References;162
7.2;Eco-innovation Strategies in the Construction Sector: Impacts on Nanotech Innovation in the Window Chain;164
7.2.1;Introduction;164
7.2.2;Competitive Conditions and Eco-innovation Strategies in the Danish Window Industry;165
7.2.3;Green Nanoinnovation in the Danish Window Industry;167
7.2.3.1;{\it Velux};167
7.2.3.2;{\it Dovista};168
7.2.4;Conclusions;169
7.2.5;References;169
7.3;Interpretation of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Heavy Duty Epoxy Based Floor Coating Doped by Nanosilica;171
7.3.1;Introduction;171
7.3.2;Experimental;172
7.3.2.1;{\it Sample Preparation};172
7.3.2.2;{\it Thermophysical Analysis};172
7.3.3;Results and Discussion;173
7.3.4;Conclusions;175
7.3.5;References;175
7.4;Nanoindentation Study of Na-Geopolymers Exposed to High Temperatures;176
7.4.1;Introduction;176
7.4.2;Experimental;177
7.4.2.1;{\it Materials and Specimens};177
7.4.2.2;{\it Testing Details};178
7.4.3;Results and Discussions;178
7.4.3.1;{\it Micromechanical Properties of the Geopolymers before Heating};178
7.4.3.2;{\it Thermal Behaviour Study of Geopolymer Samples};179
7.4.4;Conclusions;180
7.4.5;References;181
7.5;Nanoscale Agent Based Modelling for Nanostructure Development of Cement;182
7.5.1;Modelling the Hydration Process of Cement;182
7.5.1.1;{\it Agents Encapsulating the Behavior};183
7.5.1.2;{\it C-S-H Critical Thickness};184
7.5.2;Experimental Work;184
7.5.3;Results and Discussion;185
7.5.4;Conclusions;187
7.5.5;References;187
7.6;CHH Cement Composite;188
7.6.1;Introduction;188
7.6.2;Production of CHH and Experimental Setup;189
7.6.3;Tests Results and Discussion;190
7.6.4;Conclusions;192
7.6.5;References;192
7.7;Modeling of Nanoindentation by a Visco-elastic Porous Model with Application to Cement Paste;193
7.7.1;Introduction;193
7.7.2;Viscoelastic Solution of Contact Problem;194
7.7.3;Example of Application and Conclusions;197
7.7.4;References;198
7.8;Multi-scale Study of Calcium Leaching in Cement Pastes with Silica Nanoparticles;199
7.8.1;Introduction;199
7.8.2;Materials and Methods;200
7.8.3;Results and Discussion;200
7.8.4;Conclusions;203
7.8.5;References;203
7.9;Nanotechnologies for Climate Friendly Construction – Key Issues and Challenges;205
7.9.1;Introduction;205
7.9.2;Trends and Key Issues in Climate Friendly Nanoconstruction;206
7.9.3;Strategies for Climate Friendly Nanoconstruction;209
7.9.4;Conclusions;210
7.9.5;References;210
7.10;The Potential Benefits of Nanotechnology for Innovative Solutions in the Construction Sector;214
7.10.1;Introduction;214
7.10.2;Nanotech Innovations in Building Construction and Potential Benefits of Nanotechnology for Innovative Solutions in Construction Sector;215
7.10.3;Conclusions;218
7.10.4;References;218
7.11;Use of Nano-SiO$_{2}$2 to Improve Microstructure and Compressive Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concretes;220
7.11.1;Introduction;220
7.11.2;Experimental Procedures;221
7.11.2.1;{\it Materials and Mixture Proportions};221
7.11.2.2;{\it Test Procedure};222
7.11.3;Results and Discussion;223
7.11.4;Conclusions;225
7.11.5;References;225
7.12;The Effect of Various Process Conditions on the Photocatalytic Degradation of NO;227
7.12.1;Introduction;227
7.12.2;Reaction Model;228
7.12.3;Modeling of External Influences;230
7.12.4;Conclusions;232
7.12.5;References;232
7.13;Molecular Dynamics Approach for the Effect of Metal Coating on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube;234
7.13.1;Introduction;234
7.13.2;Methods;235
7.13.3;Results and Discussion;237
7.13.4;Conclusion;241
7.13.5;References;242
7.14;Polymer Nanocomposites for Infrastructure Rehabilitation;244
7.14.1;Introduction;244
7.14.2;Nano-fillers;246
7.14.2.1;{\it Metallic Oxides—Nanosilica, Nanoalumina, Nanotitania};247
7.14.2.2;{\it Nanoclay};248
7.14.2.3;{\it Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers};249
7.14.3;Experimental;250
7.14.4;Results and Discussion;250
7.14.5;Conclusions;252
7.14.6;References;252
7.15;Nanotechnology Divides: Development Indicators and Thai Construction Industry;254
7.15.1;Introduction;254
7.15.2;Methodology;256
7.15.3;Results and Discussion;257
7.15.4;Conclusion;261
7.15.5;References;262
7.16;Improvement of Cementitious Binders by Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes;263
7.16.1;Introduction;263
7.16.2;Experimental Part;265
7.16.3;Results;266
7.16.4;Summary and Conclusions;267
7.16.5;References;268
7.17;Effect of Nano-sized Titanium Dioxide on Early Age Hydration of Portland Cement;269
7.17.1;Introduction;269
7.17.2;Research Methodology;270
7.17.2.1;{\it Materials};270
7.17.2.2;{\it Sample Preparation};271
7.17.2.3;{\it Methods};271
7.17.3;Results and Discussion;271
7.17.3.1;{\it Rate of Hydration of TiO2-Blended Cements};272
7.17.3.2;{\it Cumulative Energy Released by TiO$^2-Blended Cement};273
7.17.4;Conclusions;274
7.17.5;References;274
7.18;Nano-modification of Building Materials for Sustainable Construction;276
7.18.1;Introduction;276
7.18.2;Nanofoams;277
7.18.3;Nanocomposites;278
7.18.4;Nanotech Binders;279
7.18.5;Discussion and Summary;281
7.18.6;References;281
7.19;Study of P-h Curves on Nanomechanical Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced Mortar;282
7.19.1;Introduction;282
7.19.2;Experimental Procedures;283
7.19.2.1;{\it Materials};283
7.19.2.2;{\it Sample Preparation for Nanoindentation};283
7.19.2.3;{\it Nanoindentation};283
7.19.3;Results and Discussion;284
7.19.4;Conclusions;287
7.19.5;References;287
7.20;Evolution of Phases and Micro Structure in Hydrothermally Cured Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC);288
7.20.1;Introduction;288
7.20.2;Experimental Setup;289
7.20.2.1;{\it Materials and Curing Regimes};289
7.20.2.2;{\it Analytical Techniques};290
7.20.3;Results;291
7.20.3.1;{\it Microstructure and Mechanical Properties};291
7.20.3.2;{\it Microchemistry and Phase Composition};292
7.20.4;Conclusions;293
7.20.5;References;293
7.21;Interparticle Forces and Rheology of Cement Based Suspensions;295
7.21.1;Introduction;295
7.21.2;Materials and Methods;296
7.21.3;Results;297
7.21.4;Discussion - Interparticle Forces, Yield Stress and Thixotropy;298
7.21.5;Conclusion;300
7.21.6;References;301
7.22;Nanocomposite Sensing Skins for Distributed Structural Sensing;302
7.22.1;Introduction;302
7.22.2;Multifunctional Nanocomposite Films;303
7.22.3;Electrical Impedance Tomography;305
7.22.4;Experimental Validation;306
7.22.5;Conclusions;306
7.22.6;References;307
7.23;Utilization of Photoactive Kaolinite/TiO$_{2}$ Composite in Cement-Based Building Materials;308
7.23.1;Introduction;308
7.23.2;Experimental;309
7.23.3;Results and Discussion;310
7.23.4;Conclusions;313
7.23.5;References;313
7.24;Nanomechanical Properties of Interfacial Transition Zone in Concrete;314
7.24.1;Introduction;314
7.24.2;Experimental Details;315
7.24.3;Results and Discussion;316
7.24.4;Conclusions;318
7.24.5;References;318
7.25;Mitigation of Leachates in Blast Furnace Slag Aggregates by Application of Nanoporous Thin Films;320
7.25.1;Introduction;320
7.25.2;Materials and Sample Preparation;321
7.25.3;Methodology;321
7.25.4;Results and Discussion;322
7.25.4.1;{\it Analysis of Leachates Using Standards 1027 and 212-02T};322
7.25.4.2;{\it Analysis of Leachates Using the New Analytical Protocol};325
7.25.5;Conclusions;325
7.25.6;References;326
7.26;Possible Impacts of Nanoparticles on Children of Thai Construction Industry;327
7.26.1;Introduction;327
7.26.2;Methodology;329
7.26.3;Results and Discussion;330
7.26.3.1;{\it Respiratory Symptoms};330
7.26.3.2;{\it Finding on Respiratory Symptom};330
7.26.3.3;{\it Skin irritation Symptoms};332
7.26.3.4;{\it Finding on Skin Symptom};332
7.26.4;Conclusions;333
7.26.5;References;334
7.27;Characterization of Alkali-Activated Fly-Ash by Nanoindentation;335
7.27.1;Introduction;335
7.27.2;Experimental;336
7.27.2.1;{\it Materials};336
7.27.2.2;{\it Methods};337
7.27.3;Results and Discussion;337
7.27.3.1;{\it ESEM};337
7.27.3.2;{\it Nanoindentation};338
7.27.4;Conclusions;340
7.27.5;References;340
7.28;Multi-scale Performance and Durability of Carbon Nanofiber/Cement Composites;342
7.28.1;Introduction;342
7.28.2;Experimental Approach;343
7.28.3;Results and Discussion;344
7.28.3.1;{\it Microstructure of CNF/Cement Composites};344
7.28.3.2;{\it Macroscopic Properties of CNF/Cement Composites};344
7.28.3.3;{\it Durability of CNF/Cement Composites};345
7.28.3.4;{\it Fiber-Cement Interaction};346
7.28.4;Conclusions;346
7.28.5;References;347
7.29;Nano-structured Materials in New and Existing Buildings: To Improved Performance and Saving of Energy;348
7.29.1;Introduction;348
7.29.2;Nanostructured Materials for the Energy Efficiency of Buildings;349
7.29.3;Conclusion;352
7.29.4;References;353
7.30;Stability of Compressed Carbon Nanotubes Using Shell Models;354
7.30.1;Introduction;354
7.30.2;Buckling Modes, Critical Strains and Shell Theories;355
7.30.3;Shell Models and Results for NTs under Compression;356
7.30.4;References;359
7.31;Bending Instabilities of Carbon Nanotubes;361
7.31.1;Bifurcation (Eigenvalue) Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes;361
7.31.2;References;366
7.32;Effect of Surface Roughness on the Steel Fibre Bonding in Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC);367
7.32.1;Introduction;367
7.32.2;Investigations;368
7.32.3;Results;369
7.32.4;Discussion;371
7.32.5;Conclusions;372
7.32.6;References;372
7.33;Geotechnical Properties of Soil-Ball Milled Soil Mixtures;373
7.33.1;Introduction;373
7.33.2;Materials and Methods;374
7.33.3;Results and Discussion;375
7.33.4;Conclusions;378
7.33.5;References;378
7.34;Mortar and Concrete Reinforced with Nanomaterials;379
7.34.1;Introduction;379
7.34.2;Experimental;380
7.34.2.1;{\it Materials};380
7.34.2.2;{\it Characterization Techniques};381
7.34.2.3;{\it Challenges in the Preparation of Nanocomposites;381
7.34.3;Results and Discussion;381
7.34.4;Conclusions;383
7.34.5;References;384
7.35;Experimental Study and Modeling of the Photocatalytic Oxidation of No in Indoor Conditions;385
7.35.1;Introduction;385
7.35.2;Experimental;386
7.35.3;Results;386
7.35.4;Kinetic Studies;387
7.35.5;Discussion;388
7.35.6;Conclusions;389
7.35.7;References;389
7.36;Spray Deposition of Au/TiO_{2} Composite Thin Films Using Preformed Nanoparticles;391
7.36.1;Introduction;391
7.36.2;Experimentals;392
7.36.3;Results and Discussion;393
7.36.4;Conclusions;396
7.36.5;References;396
7.37;Nanoindentation Study of Resin Impregnated Sandstone and Early-Age Cement Paste Specimens;398
7.37.1;Introduction;398
7.37.2;Experimental;399
7.37.3;Results and Discussions;400
7.37.4;Conclusions;403
7.37.5;References;403
8;Posters;14
8.1;Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Applied to Concrete Pavement for Air Remediation;404
8.1.1;Introduction;404
8.1.2;Experimental Setup;405
8.1.3;Theoretical Model;406
8.1.4;Kinetic Parameters Estimation;407
8.1.5;Experimental Results Versus Model Prediction;407
8.1.6;Conclusions;408
8.1.7;References;409
8.2;Synthesis of $\alpha$-Al_{2}O_{3} Nanopowder by Microwave Heating of Boehmite Gel;410
8.2.1;Introduction;410
8.2.2;Experimental Procedure;410
8.2.3;Results and Discussion;411
8.2.4;References;413
8.3;Effects of Sabalan Tuff as a Natural Pozzolan on Properties of Plastic Concrete;414
8.3.1;Introduction;414
8.3.2;Material Characteristics;415
8.3.3;Mix Design;415
8.3.4;Results of the Experiments;415
8.3.5;Discussions;418
8.3.6;References;419
8.4;Synergistic Action of a Ternary System of Portland Cement – Limestone – Silica Fume in Concrete;420
8.4.1;Introduction;420
8.4.2;Experimental;421
8.4.2.1;{\it Materials};421
8.4.2.2;{\it Test Methods};423
8.4.3;Results and Discussion;423
8.4.4;Conclusions;428
8.4.5;References;428
9;Author Index;430