Blum / Riegler / Rolandi Particle Detection with Drift Chambers

2. Auflage 2008
ISBN: 978-3-540-76684-1
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Format: PDF
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM (»Systemvoraussetzungen)

E-Book, Englisch, 448 Seiten

A drift chamber is an apparatus for measuring the space coordinates of the trajectory of a charged particle. This is achieved by detecting the ionization electrons produced by the charged particle in the gas of the chamber and by measuring their drift times and arrival positions on sensitive electrodes. When the multiwire proportional chamber, or ‘Charpak chamber’ as we used to call it, was introduced in 1968, its authors had already noted that the time of a signal could be useful for a coordinate determination, and rst studies with a drift ch- ber were made by Bressani, Charpak, Rahm and Zupanci c in 1969. When the rst operational drift-chamber system with electric circuitry and readout was built by Walenta, Heintze and Schurlein ¨ in 1971, a new instrument for particle experiments had appeared. A broad study of the behaviour of drifting electrons in gases began in laboratories where there was interest in the detection of particles.

Autoren/Hrsg.

Blum, Walter

Riegler, Werner

Rolandi, Luigi

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1;Preface to the First Edition;6
2;Preface to the Second Edition;8
2.1;References;9
3;Contents;10
4;Gas Ionization by Charged Particles and by Laser Rays;17
4.1;1.1 Gas Ionization by Fast Charged Particles;17
4.2;1.2 Calculation of Energy Loss;25
4.3;1.3 Gas Ionization by Laser Rays;54
4.4;References;62
5;The Drift of Electrons and Ions in Gases;65
5.1;2.1 An Equation of Motion with Friction;65
5.2;2.2 The Microscopic Picture;69
5.3;2.3 Results from the Complete Microscopic Theory;95
5.4;2.4 Applications;99
5.5;References;110
6;Electrostatics of Tubes, Wire Grids and Field Cages;113
6.1;3.1 Perfect and Imperfect Drift Tubes;114
6.2;3.2 Wire Grids;121
6.3;3.3 An Ion Gate in the Drift Space;128
6.4;3.4 Field Cages;134
6.5;References;140
7;Amplification of Ionization;141
7.1;4.1 The ProportionalWire;141
7.2;4.2 Beyond the Proportional Mode;144
7.3;4.3 Lateral Extent of the Avalanche;146
7.4;4.4 Amplification Factor (Gain) of the ProportionalWire;148
7.5;4.5 Local Variations of the Gain;154
7.6;4.6 Statistical Fluctuation of the Gain;161
7.7;References;170
8;Creation of the Signal;172
8.1;5.1 The Principle of Signal Induction by Moving Charges;172
8.2;5.2 Capacitance Matrix, Reciprocity Theorem;173
8.3;5.3 Signals Induced on Grounded Electrodes, RamoÌs Theorem;175
8.4;5.4 Total Induced Charge and Sum of Induced Signals;176
8.5;5.5 Induced Signals in a Drift Tube;178
8.6;5.6 Signals Induced on Electrodes Connected with Impedance Elements;180
8.7;5.7 Signals Induced in Multiwire Chambers;187
8.8;References;194
9;Electronics for Drift Chambers;196
9.1;6.1 Linear Signal Processing;198
9.2;6.2 Signal Shaping;209
9.3;6.3 Noise and Optimum Filters;228
9.4;6.4 Electronics for Charge Measurement;249
9.5;6.5 Electronics for Time Measurement;250
9.6;6.6 Three Examples of Modern Drift Chamber Electronics;261
9.7;References;263
10;Coordinate Measurement and Fundamental Limits of Accuracy;265
10.1;7.1 Methods of Coordinate Measurement;265
10.2;7.2 Basic Formulae for a SingleWire;267
10.3;7.3 Accuracy in the Measurement of the Coordinate in or near theWire Direction;275
10.4;7.4 Accuracy in the Measurement of the Coordinate in the Drift Direction;284
10.5;7.5 Accuracy Limitation Owing to Wire Vibrations;291
10.6;7.6 Accuracy Limitation Owing to Space Charge Fluctuations;295
10.7;Appendix to Chapter 7. Influence of Cluster Fluctuations on the Measurement Accuracy of a Single Wire;296
10.8;References;302
11;Geometrical Track Parameters and Their Errors;304
11.1;8.1 Linear Fit;305
11.2;8.2 Quadratic Fit;307
11.3;8.3 A Chamber and One Additional Measuring Point Outside;315
11.4;8.4 Limitations Due to Multiple Scattering;319
11.5;8.5 Spectrometer Resolution;324
11.6;References;326
12;Ion Gates;327
12.1;9.1 Reasons for the Use of Ion Gates;327
12.2;9.2 Survey of Field Configurations and Trigger Modes;330
12.3;9.3 Transparency under Various Operating Conditions;332
12.4;References;341
13;Particle Identification by Measurement of Ionization;342
13.1;10.1 Principles;342
13.2;10.2 Shape of the Ionization Curve;345
13.3;10.3 Statistical Treatment of the n Ionization Samplesof One Track;348
13.4;10.4 Accuracy of the Ionization Measurement;350
13.5;10.5 Particle Separation;355
13.6;10.6 Cluster Counting;356
13.7;10.7 Ionization Measurement in Practice;358
13.8;10.8 Performance Achieved in Existing Detectors;360
13.9;References;369
14;Existing Drift Chambers - An Overview;371
14.1;11.1 Definition of Three Geometrical Types of Drift Chambers;371
14.2;11.2 Historical Drift Chambers;372
14.3;11.3 Drift Chambers for Fixed-Target and Collider Experiments;375
14.4;11.4 Planar Drift Chambers of Type 1;378
14.5;11.5 Large Cylindrical Drift Chambers of Type 2;387
14.6;11.6 Small Cylindrical Drift Chambers of Type 2 for Colliders ( Vertex Chambers);400
14.7;11.7 Drift Chambers of Type 3;407
14.8;11.8 Chambers with Extreme Accuracy;417
14.9;References;419
15;Drift-Chamber Gases;423
15.1;12.1 General Considerations Concerning the Choice of Drift- Chamber Gases;423
15.2;12.2 Inflammable Gas Mixtures;426
15.3;12.3 Gas Purity, and Some Practical Measurements of Electron Attachment;430
15.4;12.4 Chemical Compounds Used for Laser Ionization;434
15.5;12.5 Choice of the Gas Pressure;436
15.6;12.6 Deterioration of Chamber Performance with Usage (Ageing);439
15.7;References;449
16;Index;452